, 서선희2),†
, Sunhee Seo2),†
1)이화여자대학교 식품영양학과 박사과정
2)이화여자대학교 식품영양학과 교수
1)Ph.D. Student, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
2)Professor, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
© 2026 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
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| Category | WP (n = 187) | WC (n = 145) | RI (n = 155) | Total (n = 487) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 101 (57.0) | 69 (46.3) | 36 (22.5) | 206 (42.9) | |
| Female | 86 (43.0) | 76 (53.7) | 119 (77.5) | 281 (57.1) | |
| Age (year) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 75 | 169 (91.9) | 53 (37.8) | 75 (46.8) | 297 (61.9) | |
| ≥ 75 | 18 (8.1) | 92 (62.2) | 80 (53.2) | 190 (38.1) | |
| Area of residence | 0.788 | ||||
| Urban | 143 (76.6) | 118 (80.4) | 119 (77.8) | 380 (78.1) | |
| Rural area | 44 (23.4) | 27 (19.6) | 36 (22.2) | 107 (21.9) | |
| Education level (n = 469) | 0.941 | ||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 58 (24.1) | 44 (22.7) | 51 (23.6) | 153 (23.6) | |
| Middle school | 21 (8.7) | 21 (10.7) | 12 (10.4) | 54 (9.9) | |
| High school | 55 (34.9) | 31 (29.9) | 36 (29.3) | 122 (31.7) | |
| ≥ College | 49 (32.2) | 43 (36.7) | 48 (36.7) | 140 (34.9) | |
| Marital status | 0.244 | ||||
| Married | 130 (67.9) | 95 (60.2) | 99 (58.2) | 324 (62.6) | |
| Single | 57 (32.1) | 50 (39.8) | 56 (41.8) | 163 (37.4) | |
| National basic livelihood security recipient | 0.743 | ||||
| Yes | 9 (4.1) | 6 (2.9) | 8 (4.4) | 23 (3.9) | |
| No | 178 (95.9) | 139 (97.1) | 147 (95.6) | 464 (96.1) | |
| Personal income quartile | 0.497 | ||||
| Low | 40 (20.3) | 37 (22.7) | 36 (19.8) | 113 (20.8) | |
| Middle-low | 60 (33.8) | 29 (21.8) | 42 (29.1) | 131 (28.8) | |
| Middle-high | 41 (19.8) | 40 (28.0) | 40 (26.4) | 121 (24.3) | |
| High | 46 (26.1) | 39 (27.5) | 37 (24.7) | 122 (26.1) | |
| Monthly household income (1,000 KRW) | 508.79 ± 31.11 | 532.00 ± 36.50 | 513.84 ± 37.01 | 518.21 ± 19.48 | 0.891 |
| Category | WP (n = 187) | WC (n = 145) | RI (n = 155) | Total (n = 487) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.65 ± 0.43 | 22.91 ± 0.47 | 23.02 ± 0.40 | 23.19 ± 0.25 | 0.553 |
| Self-rated health status (n = 470) | 0.695 | ||||
| Very good | 4 (2.4) | 5 (3.6) | 8 (5.8) | 17 (3.8) | |
| Good | 7 (2.8) | 4 (2.5) | 3 (2.0) | 14 (2.4) | |
| Moderate | 20 (9.8) | 13 (6.9) | 17 (11.0) | 50 (9.3) | |
| Poor | 90 (46.9) | 74 (55.1) | 76 (49.7) | 240 (50.1) | |
| Very poor | 48 (27.2) | 36 (24.3) | 43 (26.8) | 127 (26.4) | |
| Average |
3.34 ± 0.08 | 3.29 ± 0.06 | 3.23 ± 0.07 | 3.29 ± 0.04 | 0.565 |
| Chewing problems (n = 390) | 0.173 | ||||
| Very uncomfortable | 4 (1.1) | 5 (3.1) | 4 (2.3) | 13 (2.1) | |
| Uncomfortable | 27 (14.8) | 24 (17.1) | 19 (12.8) | 70 (14.8) | |
| Moderate | 25 (18.5) | 13 (12.6) | 13 (9.6) | 51 (14.0) | |
| Not uncomfortable | 42 (29.5) | 25 (23.8) | 34 (21.7) | 101 (25.4) | |
| Not uncomfortable at all | 53 (36.0) | 48 (43.3) | 54 (53.7) | 155 (43.7) | |
| Average |
3.85 ± 0.09 | 3.87 ± 0.12 | 4.12 ± 0.11 | 3.95 ± 0.06 | 0.116 |
| Food groups | WP (n = 187) | WC (n = 145) | RI (n = 155) | Total (n = 487) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains (g) | 80.55 ± 12.27 | 72.13 ± 3.80 | 96.04 ± 22.97 | 82.91 ± 5.72 | 0.156 |
| Potatoes and starch (g) | 12.33 ± 1.39 |
1.70 ± 1.00 |
6.85 ± 1.71 |
6.96 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
| Sugars (g) | 2.97 ± 0.46 |
0.79 ± 0.73 |
0.69 ± 0.54 |
1.82 ± 0.26 | 0.016 |
| Beans (g) | 12.61 ± 1.50 | 11.71 ± 2.97 | 13.68 ± 6.51 | 12.67 ± 3.31 | 0.703 |
| Seeds and nuts (g) | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.51 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.163 |
| Vegetables (g) | 125.80 ± 16.54 | 111.54 ± 12.49 | 117.99 ± 18.05 | 118.44 ± 7.43 | 0.829 |
| Mushrooms (g) | 9.72 ± 4.02 | 13.14 ± 0.54 | 8.21 ± 5.74 | 10.36 ± 3.08 | 0.415 |
| Fruits (g) | 27.50 ± 2.52 | 24.56 ± 2.53 | 18.78 ± 2.95 | 24.64 ± 1.60 | 0.201 |
| Meats (g) | 59.28 ± 7.56 |
31.68 ± 1.28 |
13.78 ± 4.62 |
34.91 ± 2.19 | 0.003 |
| Eggs (g) | 4.51 ± 2.08 | 4.61 ± 0.00 | 79.31 ± 23.69 | 29.48 ± 7.76 | 0.105 |
| Seafoods (g) | 5.45 ± 6.33 |
29.93 ± 6.58 |
7.07 ± 6.58 |
14.15 ± 2.88 | 0.023 |
| Seaweeds (g) | 19.56 ± 8.21 | 33.40 ± 2.16 | 25.52 ± 1.70 | 26.16 ± 4.02 | 0.412 |
| Dairy products (g) | 24.96 ± 2.57 |
31.52 ± 2.59 |
21.51 ± 3.04 |
26.10 ± 1.72 | < 0.001 |
| Drinks (g) | 82.97 ± 9.99 |
79.55 ± 10.01 |
52.53 ± 11.77 |
73.02 ± 6.61 | < 0.001 |
| Nutrient intakes | WP (n = 187) | WC (n = 145) | RI (n = 155) | Total (n = 487) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 599.82 ± 41.23 | 595.85 ± 32.02 | 607.63 ± 53.53 | 601.10 ± 23.39 | > 0.999 |
| Water (g) | 252.11 ± 13.22 | 251.74 ± 13.26 | 219.04 ± 14.03 | 240.96 ± 6.91 | 0.128 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 88.40 ± 2.83 | 92.48 ± 1.89 | 96.89 ± 3.93 | 92.59 ± 1.73 | 0.163 |
| Protein (g) | 25.52 ± 1.08 |
23.30 ± 0.63 |
21.17 ± 0.99 |
23.33 ± 0.53 | 0.008 |
| Fat (g) | 15.81 ± 1.05 | 14.77 ± 0.77 | 13.75 ± 1.50 | 14.77 ± 0.66 | 0.507 |
| Energy contribution (%) | |||||
| Carbohydrate | 62.05 ± 1.35 | 63.28 ± 1.25 | 66.69 ± 1.55 | 64.01 ± 0.79 | 0.069 |
| Protein | 16.29 ± 0.55 |
15.07 ± 0.43 |
13.87 ± 0.55 |
15.08 ± 0.28 | 0.007 |
| Fat | 20.05 ± 1.14 | 20.24 ± 1.06 | 18.16 ± 1.36 | 19.48 ± 0.65 | 0.458 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 7.12 ± 0.40 | 7.41 ± 0.33 | 6.95 ± 0.35 | 7.16 ± 0.21 | 0.635 |
| Sugar (g) | 11.61 ± 1.37 | 11.08 ± 1.16 | 10.54 ± 1.45 | 11.08 ± 0.75 | > 0.999 |
| Calcium (mg) | 135.00 ± 11.25 | 152.16 ± 12.56 | 135.68 ± 12.75 | 140.95 ± 6.62 | 0.744 |
| Iron (mg) | 3.72 ± 0.23 | 3.72 ± 0.28 | 3.03 ± 0.19 | 3.49 ± 0.11 | 0.061 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 340.26 ± 11.17 |
333.77 ± 9.49 |
300.55 ± 12.19 |
324.86 ± 5.72 | 0.049 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1,196.26 ± 65.72 | 1,210.45 ± 55.60 | 1,160.69 ± 81.03 | 1,189.13 ± 39.88 | > 0.999 |
| Potassium (mg) | 774.76 ± 35.99 | 796.11 ± 32.37 | 704.86 ± 41.62 | 758.58 ± 18.47 | 0.122 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 95.41 ± 4.03 | 98.03 ± 4.21 | 88.38 ± 4.15 | 93.94 ± 2.22 | 0.204 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 127.46 ± 14.73 | 121.72 ± 12.08 | 93.71 ± 11.57 | 114.30 ± 8.11 | 0.131 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 0.49 ± 0.03 |
0.39 ± 0.02 |
0.34 ± 0.03 |
0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.149 |
| Niacin (mg) | 4.15 ± 0.26 |
3.64 ± 0.18 |
3.14 ± 0.22 |
3.65 ± 0.12 | 0.012 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 14.35 ± 1.84 | 15.94 ± 2.36 | 14.87 ± 2.62 | 15.05 ± 1.21 | > 0.999 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 1.06 ± 0.24 | 1.09 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.29 | 1.01 ± 0.13 | > 0.999 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 2.23 ± 0.18 | 2.11 ± 0.09 | 1.89 ± 0.13 | 2.08 ± 0.07 | 0.251 |
| Category | WP (n = 187) | WC (n = 145) | RI (n = 155) | Total (n = 487) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAR | |||||
| Carbohydrates | 1.77 ± 0.09 |
2.17 ± 0.15 |
2.15 ± 0.13 |
2.03 ± 0.06 | 0.039 |
| Protein | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.240 |
| Calcium | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.505 |
| Iron | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.075 |
| Phosphorus | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.095 |
| Vitamin A | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.296 |
| Thiamine | 0.78 ± 0.03 |
0.86 ± 0.02 |
0.75 ± 0.03 |
0.80 ± 0.02 | 0.012 |
| Riboflavin | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.03 | 0.70 ± 0.04 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 0.367 |
| Niacin | 0.60 ± 0.03 |
0.69 ± 0.03 |
0.57 ± 0.03 |
0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.009 |
| Folate | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.04 | 0.70 ± 0.04 | 0.64 ± 0.02 | 0.060 |
| Vitamin C | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.050 |
| MAR | 0.77 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 0.100 |
n (%) or Mean ± SE. WP, workplace group; WC, welfare center group; RI, religious institution group.
n (%) or Mean ± SE. WP, workplace group; WC, welfare center group; RI, religious institution group; BMI, body mass index. 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate better self-rated health or less chewing difficulty.
Adjusted Mean ± SE WP, workplace group; WC, welfare center group; RI, religious institution group. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences according to the Bonferroni test.
Adjusted Mean ± SE. WP, workplace group; WC, welfare center group; RI, religious institution group. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences according to the Bonferroni test.
Adjusted Mean ± SE. NAR, nutrient adequacy ratio; MAR, mean adequacy ratio; WP, workplace group; WC, welfare center group; RI, religious institution group. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences according to the Bonferroni test.
