Hyo-Jin Kim; Kyong Park

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.364

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Egg Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyo-Jin Kim, Kyong Park; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2011;16(3):364-374.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.364
Published online: June 30, 2011

Department of Food & Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kyong Park, Department of Food & Nutrition, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea. Tel: (053) 810-2879, Fax: (053) 810-4768, kypark@ynu.ac.kr

• Received: May 4, 2011 • Revised: June 7, 2011 • Accepted: June 21, 2011

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

There is a great public concern that higher consumption of eggs may increase the risk of chronic disease due to high levels of cholesterol in eggs. In contrast to this concern, limited studies have examined this relationship, and the study results have been inconsistent. This study was to evaluate the cross-sectional associations between egg consumption, blood markers and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Egg intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using criteria of the NCEP ATP III (2001) and abdominal obesity criteria of the WHO. In 5,548 subjects, 937 subjects were defined as having metabolic syndrome. In linear regression models, subjects reporting one or more egg consumption per day had significantly lower levels of triglyceride, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure, and a higher level of HDL cholesterol, compared to those who rarely consumed eggs (P-trends < 0.05). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, the associations were no longer significant except for total cholesterol, showing higher levels with frequent egg consumption. More frequent intakes of egg (1 egg or more/day) were associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome in a logistic regression model (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.96), but this association also became insignificant after adjustments for multiple confounding factors (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.71-1.57). In healthy Korean adults, frequent intakes of eggs did not adversely affect the risk of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Keywords: egg intakes; cholesterol; metabolic syndrome; Korean

REFERENCES

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Table 1-1

General characteristics of subjects by age

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 1-2

General characteristics of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 2-1

Metabolic bio-markers of subjects by age

Data are mean

Table 2-2

Metabolic bio-markers of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

Data are mean

Table 3-1

Nutrient intakes of subjects by age

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake and sex

Table 3-2

Nutrient intakes of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake, age and sex

Table 4

Relationship between frequency of egg consumption and metabolic bio-markers

Data are β-coefficients

Model 1: Unadjusted model; Model 2: adjustment for age, sex, energy, and BMI; Model 3: Model 2 + additional adjustment for alcohol consumption (never, < = 1/mo, < = 1/wk, 2-3/wk, or 4+/wk), smoking status (never, former, or current), physical activity, and income (low, mid low, mid high, or high); Model 4: Model 3 + additional adjustment for protein (g/day), fat (g/day), carbohydrate (g/day), calcium (mg/day), phosphorus (mg/day), and riboflavin intakes (mg/day)

1) Triglycerides were logarithmically transformed for the purpose of analysis, and β-coefficients were presented in the log scale (% change of triglycerides)

Table 5

Odds ratio (95% CI) for metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of egg consumption (N=5,548)

Model 1: Unadjusted model; Model 2: adjustment for age, sex, energy, and BMI; Model 3: Model 2 + additional adjustment for alcohol consumption (never, < = 1/mo, < = 1/wk, 2 . 3/wk, or 4+/wk), smoking status (never, former, or current), physical activity, and income (low, mid low, mid high, or high); Model 4: Model 3 + additional adjustment for protein (g/day), fat (g/day), carbohydrate (g/day), calcium (mg/day), phosphorus (mg/day), and riboflavin intakes (mg/day)

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Egg Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Community Nutr. 2011;16(3):364-374. Published online June 30, 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.364

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Egg Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 1-1

General characteristics of subjects by age

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 1-2

General characteristics of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 2-1

Metabolic bio-markers of subjects by age

Data are mean

Table 2-2

Metabolic bio-markers of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

Data are mean

Table 3-1

Nutrient intakes of subjects by age

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake and sex

Table 3-2

Nutrient intakes of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake, age and sex

Table 4

Relationship between frequency of egg consumption and metabolic bio-markers

Data are β-coefficients

1) Triglycerides were logarithmically transformed for the purpose of analysis, and β-coefficients were presented in the log scale (% change of triglycerides)

Table 5

Odds ratio (95% CI) for metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of egg consumption (N=5,548)

Table 1-1 General characteristics of subjects by age

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 1-2 General characteristics of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All P-values were derived by chi-square tests

Table 2-1 Metabolic bio-markers of subjects by age

Data are mean

Table 2-2 Metabolic bio-markers of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

Data are mean

Table 3-1 Nutrient intakes of subjects by age

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake and sex

Table 3-2 Nutrient intakes of subjects according to the frequency of egg consumption

All nutrients are presented as adjusted means for energy intake, age and sex

Table 4 Relationship between frequency of egg consumption and metabolic bio-markers

Data are β-coefficients

1) Triglycerides were logarithmically transformed for the purpose of analysis, and β-coefficients were presented in the log scale (% change of triglycerides)

Table 5 Odds ratio (95% CI) for metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of egg consumption (N=5,548)