, 이영미2),†
, 장윤희2)
, 이유진2)
, Youngmi Lee2),†
, Yun Hee Chang2)
, Yujin Lee2)
1)명지대학교 식품영양학전공 석사과정
2)명지대학교 식품영양학전공 교수
1)Master’s Student, Major of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea
2)Professor, Major of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea
© 2026 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This work was supported by 2024 Research Fund of Myongji University.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Data are available upon request to the corresponding author.
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | ||||
| 20–39 | 9 (32.1) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (26.7) | 0.4841) |
| 40–49 | 12 (42.9) | 10 (58.8) | 22 (48.9) | |
| ≥ 50 | 7 (25.0) | 4 (23.6) | 11 (24.4) | |
| Mean | 41.50 ± 8.46 | 45.00 ± 5.99 | 42.82 ± 7.74 | 0.1432) |
| Workplace location | ||||
| Seoul | 11 (39.3) | 9 (52.9) | 20 (44.4) | 0.537 |
| Gyeonggi | 17 (60.7) | 8 (47.1) | 25 (55.6) | |
| Total work experience in welfare facilities (year) | ||||
| < 1 | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.9) | 0.369 |
| 1–4 | 9 (32.1) | 7 (41.2) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 5–9 | 9 (32.1) | 4 (23.5) | 13 (28.9) | |
| ≥ 10 | 6 (21.5) | 6 (35.3) | 12 (26.6) | |
| Mean | 5.81 ± 3.87 | 7.86 ± 5.24 | 6.58 ± 4.49 | 0.141 |
| Current job tenure (year) | ||||
| < 1 | 7 (25.0) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (17.8) | 0.303 |
| 1–4 | 8 (28.6) | 8 (47.1) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 5–9 | 10 (35.7) | 5 (29.4) | 15 (33.3) | |
| ≥ 10 | 3 (10.7) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (13.3) | |
| Mean | 5.03 ± 3.86 | 6.24 ± 4.98 | 5.49 ± 4.30 | 0.368 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Permanent | 18 (64.3) | 13 (76.5) | 31 (68.9) | 0.513 |
| Temporary | 10 (35.7) | 4 (23.5) | 14 (31.1) | |
| Working hours per day (hr) | ||||
| < 8 | 4 (14.3) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (17.8) | 0.452 |
| ≥ 8 | 24 (85.7) | 13 (76.5) | 37 (82.2) | |
| Mean | 7.71 ± 1.10 | 7.26 ± 1.43 | 7.54 ± 1.24 | 0.234 |
| Variables1) | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of intellectual disability | 2.46 ± 0.74 | 4.00 ± 0.36 | 3.04 ± 0.97 | < 0.001 |
| General characteristics of intellectual disability | 2.46 ± 0.69 | 3.59 ± 0.50 | 2.89 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| Eating behavior characteristics of intellectual disability | 2.43 ± 0.69 | 3.29 ± 0.47 | 2.76 ± 0.74 | < 0.001 |
| Definition of autism spectrum disorder | 2.39 ± 0.73 | 3.65 ± 0.49 | 2.87 ± 0.89 | < 0.001 |
| General characteristics of autism spectrum disorder | 2.39 ± 0.73 | 3.47 ± 0.51 | 2.80 ± 0.84 | < 0.001 |
| Eating behavior characteristics of autism spectrum disorder | 2.36 ± 0.67 | 3.29 ± 0.58 | 2.71 ± 0.78 | < 0.001 |
| Mean | 2.41 ± 0.64 | 3.54 ± 0.32 | 2.84 ± 0.77 | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD.
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)Measured using a 5-point Likert scale based on self-reported ability to explain each item (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
2)P-values by Mann–Whitney U test.
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of disabilities among service users2) | ||||
| Intellectual disability | 28 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 25 (89.3) | 15 (88.2) | 40 (88.9) | > 0.999 |
| Physical disability | 26 (92.9) | 13 (76.5) | 39 (86.7) | 0.179 |
| Neurological disability | 22 (78.6) | 12 (70.6) | 34 (75.6) | 0.722 |
| Mental disorder | 22 (78.6) | 11 (64.7) | 33 (73.3) | 0.325 |
| Language disorder | 18 (64.3) | 12 (70.6) | 30 (66.7) | 0.752 |
| Hearing impairment | 19 (67.9) | 10 (58.8) | 29 (64.4) | 0.539 |
| Primary disability type3) | ||||
| Developmental disability4) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (76.5) | 28 (62.2) | 0.215 |
| Others | 13 (46.4) | 4 (23.5) | 17 (37.8) | |
| Primary age group of service users (year) | ||||
| 6–18 | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) | 0.740 |
| 19–39 | 18 (64.3) | 10 (58.8) | 28 (62.2) | |
| 40–64 | 7 (25.0) | 6 (35.3) | 13 (28.9) | |
| ≥ 65 | 1 (3.6) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Communication ability level in developmental disabilities (%) | ||||
| 10–39 | 5 (17.9) | 1 (5.9) | 6 (13.3) | 0.665 |
| 40–59 | 7 (25.0) | 6 (35.3) | 13 (28.9) | |
| 60–79 | 15 (53.6) | 9 (52.9) | 24 (53.3) | |
| 80–100 | 1 (3.6) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (4.4) |
n (%).
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)P-values by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
2)Multiple responses allowed; categories indicate facilities with at least one service user with the respective disability.
3)Respondents were asked to select one primary disability type representing the largest proportion of service users.
4)Includes intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily number of meals served1) | 162.61 ± 84.46 | 195.29 ± 72.10 | 174.96 ± 80.77 | 0.1015) |
| Daily number of meals served to service users2) | ||||
| < 100 | 19 (67.9) | 6 (35.3) | 25 (55.6) | 0.0626) |
| ≥ 100 | 9 (32.1) | 11 (64.7) | 20 (44.4) | |
| Mean | 95.61 ± 76.76 | 124.71 ± 54.55 | 106.60 ± 70.01 | 0.049 |
| Type of meals served3) | ||||
| Lunch | 28 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Dinner | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | > 0.999 |
| Food cost per meal (KRW) | ||||
| < 3,000 | 6 (21.4) | 4 (23.5) | 10 (22.2) | > 0.999 |
| ≥ 3,000 | 22 (78.6) | 13 (76.5) | 35 (77.8) | |
| Mean | 3,517 ± 665.72 | 3,211 ± 1027.06 | 3,402 ± 823.44 | 0.231 |
| Number of cooks | ||||
| 1 | 16 (57.1) | 8 (47.1) | 24 (53.3) | 0.590 |
| 2 | 8 (28.6) | 8 (47.1) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 3 | 2 (7.1) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (6.7) | |
| ≥ 4 | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Mean | 1.68 ± 1.02 | 1.59 ± 0.61 | 1.64 ± 0.80 | 0.774 |
| Meals served per cook4) | 104.51 ± 35.52 | 135.05 ± 68.45 | 116.04 ± 52.02 | 0.055 |
| Number of food service support staff (excluding cooks) | ||||
| 1–2 | 7 (25.0) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (17.8) | 0.083 |
| 3–4 | 9 (32.1) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (26.7) | |
| ≥ 5 | 12 (42.9) | 13 (76.5) | 25 (55.6) | |
| Mean | 4.86 ± 3.56 | 6.53 ± 2.52 | 5.49 ± 3.29 | 0.020 |
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)Daily number of meals served includes all meal recipients (e.g., service users, staff, and others).
2)Daily number of meals served to service users refers to meals provided to individuals with disabilities only.
3)Multiple responses allowed.
4)Calculated as the total number of meals served divided by the number of cooks.
5)P-values by independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test.
6)P-values by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary consideration in menu planning2) | ||||
| User preferences | 12 (42.9) | 8 (47.1) | 20 (44.4) | 0.858 |
| Budget | 10 (35.7) | 4 (23.5) | 14 (31.1) | |
| Nutritional requirements | 3 (10.7) | 2 (11.8) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Seasonal factors | 2 (7.1) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Ease of food preparation | 1 (3.6) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Importance in menu planning for developmental disabilities3) | ||||
| Food preferences and acceptability | 4.07 ± 0.76 | 4.53 ± 0.51 | 4.24 ± 0.71 | 0.048 |
| Appropriate food size | 3.75 ± 0.92 | 4.00 ± 0.79 | 3.84 ± 0.87 | 0.466 |
| Appropriate food temperature | 3.82 ± 0.77 | 4.00 ± 0.61 | 3.89 ± 0.71 | 0.528 |
| Dietary restrictions | 3.29 ± 1.04 | 3.71 ± 0.92 | 3.44 ± 1.01 | 0.180 |
| Visual presentation of meals | 4.04 ± 0.79 | 4.29 ± 0.68 | 4.13 ± 0.75 | 0.296 |
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)P-values by Fisher’s exact test or Mann–Whitney U test.
2)Participants were asked to select the single most important consideration in menu planning.
3)Importance of each factor in menu planning for individuals with developmental disabilities was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 2) | High-understanding (n = 3) | Total (n = 5) | P-value1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of nutrition education (per year) | ||||
| Once | 2 (100.0) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | > 0.999 |
| 12 times | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Duration of nutrition education (min) | ||||
| 10–29.9 | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| 30–59.9 | 1 (50.0) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (60.0) | |
| ≥ 60 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Type of nutrition education2) | ||||
| Lecture-based education | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | - |
| Experiential education | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.100 |
| Video-based education | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.400 |
| Education using visual materials | 1 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) | > 0.999 |
| Regular provision of nutrition information | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0.400 |
| Others | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Topics of nutrition education2) | ||||
| Diet-related diseases and obesity | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.400 |
| Food refusal and nutritional deficiencies | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Picky eating | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.100 |
| Others | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | > 0.999 |
| Difficulties in providing nutrition education3) | ||||
| Lack of appropriate teaching methods | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Communication difficulties | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Challenging behaviors | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Lack of education materials | 1 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) |
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)P-values by Fisher’s exact test.
2)Multiple responses allowed.
3)Participants were asked to select the single largest difficulty.
| Variables1) | Low-understanding (n = 26) | High-understanding (n = 14) | Total (n = 40) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reasons for not implementing nutrition education1) | ||||
| Lack of knowledge about developmental disabilities | 6 (23.1) | 2 (14.3) | 8 (20.0) | 0.852 |
| Lack of educational materials | 3 (11.5) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (10.0) | |
| Insufficient time | 8 (30.8) | 5 (35.7) | 13 (32.5) | |
| Low awareness of the importance of nutrition education | 1 (3.8) | 2 (14.3) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Perceived low effectiveness of nutrition education | 6 (23.1) | 3 (21.4) | 9 (22.5) | |
| Others | 2 (7.7) | 1 (7.2) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Educational topic needs | ||||
| Food preoccupation and obesity | 7 (26.9) | 8 (57.1) | 15 (37.5) | 0.333 |
| Food refusal and nutritional imbalance | 4 (15.4) | 1 (7.1) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Picky eating | 14 (53.8) | 5 (35.8) | 19 (47.5) | |
| Others | 1 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Support needs for nutrition education implementation | ||||
| Provision of educational materials | 17 (65.4) | 8 (57.1) | 25 (62.5) | 0.581 |
| Training programs for nutrition education | 5 (19.2) | 3 (21.4) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Development of educational guidelines | 4 (15.4) | 2 (14.3) | 6 (15.0) | |
| Improving awareness among facility managers | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.2) | 1 (2.5) |
n (%).
Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
1)For each domain, participants were asked to select the single most important item.
2)P-values by Fisher’s exact test or Mann–Whitney U test.
| Variables1) | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived need for nutrition education | ||||
| Need for nutritional improvement | 3.82 ± 0.72 | 4.12 ± 0.69 | 3.93 ± 0.72 | 0.198 |
| Need for nutrition education | 3.50 ± 0.63 | 4.00 ± 0.70 | 3.69 ± 0.70 | 0.032 |
| Effectiveness of nutrition education | 3.11 ± 0.78 | 3.35 ± 0.93 | 3.20 ± 0.84 | 0.387 |
| Perceived importance of job competencies | ||||
| Nutrition counseling skills | 3.82 ± 0.81 | 4.12 ± 0.60 | 3.93 ± 0.75 | 0.242 |
| Understanding of characteristics of developmental disabilities | 4.25 ± 0.79 | 4.24 ± 0.56 | 4.24 ± 0.71 | 0.687 |
| Communication skills | 4.07 ± 0.76 | 4.24 ± 0.66 | 4.13 ± 0.72 | 0.526 |
| Rapport-building skills | 3.96 ± 0.74 | 4.41 ± 0.61 | 4.13 ± 0.72 | 0.039 |
| Situational response skills | 3.89 ± 0.62 | 4.35 ± 0.60 | 4.07 ± 0.65 | 0.018 |
| Ability to develop nutrition education materials | 3.93 ± 0.66 | 4.12 ± 0.60 | 4.00 ± 0.64 | 0.377 |
| Mean | 3.98 ± 0.63 | 4.24 ± 0.50 | 4.08 ± 0.59 | 0.164 |
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | ||||
| 20–39 | 9 (32.1) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (26.7) | 0.484 |
| 40–49 | 12 (42.9) | 10 (58.8) | 22 (48.9) | |
| ≥ 50 | 7 (25.0) | 4 (23.6) | 11 (24.4) | |
| Mean | 41.50 ± 8.46 | 45.00 ± 5.99 | 42.82 ± 7.74 | 0.143 |
| Workplace location | ||||
| Seoul | 11 (39.3) | 9 (52.9) | 20 (44.4) | 0.537 |
| Gyeonggi | 17 (60.7) | 8 (47.1) | 25 (55.6) | |
| Total work experience in welfare facilities (year) | ||||
| < 1 | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.9) | 0.369 |
| 1–4 | 9 (32.1) | 7 (41.2) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 5–9 | 9 (32.1) | 4 (23.5) | 13 (28.9) | |
| ≥ 10 | 6 (21.5) | 6 (35.3) | 12 (26.6) | |
| Mean | 5.81 ± 3.87 | 7.86 ± 5.24 | 6.58 ± 4.49 | 0.141 |
| Current job tenure (year) | ||||
| < 1 | 7 (25.0) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (17.8) | 0.303 |
| 1–4 | 8 (28.6) | 8 (47.1) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 5–9 | 10 (35.7) | 5 (29.4) | 15 (33.3) | |
| ≥ 10 | 3 (10.7) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (13.3) | |
| Mean | 5.03 ± 3.86 | 6.24 ± 4.98 | 5.49 ± 4.30 | 0.368 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Permanent | 18 (64.3) | 13 (76.5) | 31 (68.9) | 0.513 |
| Temporary | 10 (35.7) | 4 (23.5) | 14 (31.1) | |
| Working hours per day (hr) | ||||
| < 8 | 4 (14.3) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (17.8) | 0.452 |
| ≥ 8 | 24 (85.7) | 13 (76.5) | 37 (82.2) | |
| Mean | 7.71 ± 1.10 | 7.26 ± 1.43 | 7.54 ± 1.24 | 0.234 |
| Variables |
Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of intellectual disability | 2.46 ± 0.74 | 4.00 ± 0.36 | 3.04 ± 0.97 | < 0.001 |
| General characteristics of intellectual disability | 2.46 ± 0.69 | 3.59 ± 0.50 | 2.89 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| Eating behavior characteristics of intellectual disability | 2.43 ± 0.69 | 3.29 ± 0.47 | 2.76 ± 0.74 | < 0.001 |
| Definition of autism spectrum disorder | 2.39 ± 0.73 | 3.65 ± 0.49 | 2.87 ± 0.89 | < 0.001 |
| General characteristics of autism spectrum disorder | 2.39 ± 0.73 | 3.47 ± 0.51 | 2.80 ± 0.84 | < 0.001 |
| Eating behavior characteristics of autism spectrum disorder | 2.36 ± 0.67 | 3.29 ± 0.58 | 2.71 ± 0.78 | < 0.001 |
| Mean | 2.41 ± 0.64 | 3.54 ± 0.32 | 2.84 ± 0.77 | < 0.001 |
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of disabilities among service users |
||||
| Intellectual disability | 28 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 25 (89.3) | 15 (88.2) | 40 (88.9) | > 0.999 |
| Physical disability | 26 (92.9) | 13 (76.5) | 39 (86.7) | 0.179 |
| Neurological disability | 22 (78.6) | 12 (70.6) | 34 (75.6) | 0.722 |
| Mental disorder | 22 (78.6) | 11 (64.7) | 33 (73.3) | 0.325 |
| Language disorder | 18 (64.3) | 12 (70.6) | 30 (66.7) | 0.752 |
| Hearing impairment | 19 (67.9) | 10 (58.8) | 29 (64.4) | 0.539 |
| Primary disability type |
||||
| Developmental disability |
15 (53.6) | 13 (76.5) | 28 (62.2) | 0.215 |
| Others | 13 (46.4) | 4 (23.5) | 17 (37.8) | |
| Primary age group of service users (year) | ||||
| 6–18 | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) | 0.740 |
| 19–39 | 18 (64.3) | 10 (58.8) | 28 (62.2) | |
| 40–64 | 7 (25.0) | 6 (35.3) | 13 (28.9) | |
| ≥ 65 | 1 (3.6) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Communication ability level in developmental disabilities (%) | ||||
| 10–39 | 5 (17.9) | 1 (5.9) | 6 (13.3) | 0.665 |
| 40–59 | 7 (25.0) | 6 (35.3) | 13 (28.9) | |
| 60–79 | 15 (53.6) | 9 (52.9) | 24 (53.3) | |
| 80–100 | 1 (3.6) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (4.4) |
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily number of meals served |
162.61 ± 84.46 | 195.29 ± 72.10 | 174.96 ± 80.77 | 0.101 |
| Daily number of meals served to service users |
||||
| < 100 | 19 (67.9) | 6 (35.3) | 25 (55.6) | 0.062 |
| ≥ 100 | 9 (32.1) | 11 (64.7) | 20 (44.4) | |
| Mean | 95.61 ± 76.76 | 124.71 ± 54.55 | 106.60 ± 70.01 | 0.049 |
| Type of meals served |
||||
| Lunch | 28 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | - |
| Dinner | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | > 0.999 |
| Food cost per meal (KRW) | ||||
| < 3,000 | 6 (21.4) | 4 (23.5) | 10 (22.2) | > 0.999 |
| ≥ 3,000 | 22 (78.6) | 13 (76.5) | 35 (77.8) | |
| Mean | 3,517 ± 665.72 | 3,211 ± 1027.06 | 3,402 ± 823.44 | 0.231 |
| Number of cooks | ||||
| 1 | 16 (57.1) | 8 (47.1) | 24 (53.3) | 0.590 |
| 2 | 8 (28.6) | 8 (47.1) | 16 (35.6) | |
| 3 | 2 (7.1) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (6.7) | |
| ≥ 4 | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Mean | 1.68 ± 1.02 | 1.59 ± 0.61 | 1.64 ± 0.80 | 0.774 |
| Meals served per cook |
104.51 ± 35.52 | 135.05 ± 68.45 | 116.04 ± 52.02 | 0.055 |
| Number of food service support staff (excluding cooks) | ||||
| 1–2 | 7 (25.0) | 1 (5.9) | 8 (17.8) | 0.083 |
| 3–4 | 9 (32.1) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (26.7) | |
| ≥ 5 | 12 (42.9) | 13 (76.5) | 25 (55.6) | |
| Mean | 4.86 ± 3.56 | 6.53 ± 2.52 | 5.49 ± 3.29 | 0.020 |
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary consideration in menu planning |
||||
| User preferences | 12 (42.9) | 8 (47.1) | 20 (44.4) | 0.858 |
| Budget | 10 (35.7) | 4 (23.5) | 14 (31.1) | |
| Nutritional requirements | 3 (10.7) | 2 (11.8) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Seasonal factors | 2 (7.1) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Ease of food preparation | 1 (3.6) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Importance in menu planning for developmental disabilities |
||||
| Food preferences and acceptability | 4.07 ± 0.76 | 4.53 ± 0.51 | 4.24 ± 0.71 | 0.048 |
| Appropriate food size | 3.75 ± 0.92 | 4.00 ± 0.79 | 3.84 ± 0.87 | 0.466 |
| Appropriate food temperature | 3.82 ± 0.77 | 4.00 ± 0.61 | 3.89 ± 0.71 | 0.528 |
| Dietary restrictions | 3.29 ± 1.04 | 3.71 ± 0.92 | 3.44 ± 1.01 | 0.180 |
| Visual presentation of meals | 4.04 ± 0.79 | 4.29 ± 0.68 | 4.13 ± 0.75 | 0.296 |
| Variables | Low-understanding (n = 2) | High-understanding (n = 3) | Total (n = 5) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of nutrition education (per year) | ||||
| Once | 2 (100.0) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | > 0.999 |
| 12 times | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Duration of nutrition education (min) | ||||
| 10–29.9 | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| 30–59.9 | 1 (50.0) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (60.0) | |
| ≥ 60 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Type of nutrition education |
||||
| Lecture-based education | 2 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | - |
| Experiential education | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.100 |
| Video-based education | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.400 |
| Education using visual materials | 1 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) | > 0.999 |
| Regular provision of nutrition information | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0.400 |
| Others | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Topics of nutrition education |
||||
| Diet-related diseases and obesity | 0 (0.0) | 2 (66.7) | 2 (40.0) | 0.400 |
| Food refusal and nutritional deficiencies | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Picky eating | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.100 |
| Others | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | > 0.999 |
| Difficulties in providing nutrition education |
||||
| Lack of appropriate teaching methods | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | > 0.999 |
| Communication difficulties | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Challenging behaviors | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (20.0) | |
| Lack of education materials | 1 (50.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) |
| Variables |
Low-understanding (n = 26) | High-understanding (n = 14) | Total (n = 40) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reasons for not implementing nutrition education1) | ||||
| Lack of knowledge about developmental disabilities | 6 (23.1) | 2 (14.3) | 8 (20.0) | 0.852 |
| Lack of educational materials | 3 (11.5) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (10.0) | |
| Insufficient time | 8 (30.8) | 5 (35.7) | 13 (32.5) | |
| Low awareness of the importance of nutrition education | 1 (3.8) | 2 (14.3) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Perceived low effectiveness of nutrition education | 6 (23.1) | 3 (21.4) | 9 (22.5) | |
| Others | 2 (7.7) | 1 (7.2) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Educational topic needs | ||||
| Food preoccupation and obesity | 7 (26.9) | 8 (57.1) | 15 (37.5) | 0.333 |
| Food refusal and nutritional imbalance | 4 (15.4) | 1 (7.1) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Picky eating | 14 (53.8) | 5 (35.8) | 19 (47.5) | |
| Others | 1 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Support needs for nutrition education implementation | ||||
| Provision of educational materials | 17 (65.4) | 8 (57.1) | 25 (62.5) | 0.581 |
| Training programs for nutrition education | 5 (19.2) | 3 (21.4) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Development of educational guidelines | 4 (15.4) | 2 (14.3) | 6 (15.0) | |
| Improving awareness among facility managers | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.2) | 1 (2.5) |
| Variables |
Low-understanding (n = 28) | High-understanding (n = 17) | Total (n = 45) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived need for nutrition education | ||||
| Need for nutritional improvement | 3.82 ± 0.72 | 4.12 ± 0.69 | 3.93 ± 0.72 | 0.198 |
| Need for nutrition education | 3.50 ± 0.63 | 4.00 ± 0.70 | 3.69 ± 0.70 | 0.032 |
| Effectiveness of nutrition education | 3.11 ± 0.78 | 3.35 ± 0.93 | 3.20 ± 0.84 | 0.387 |
| Perceived importance of job competencies | ||||
| Nutrition counseling skills | 3.82 ± 0.81 | 4.12 ± 0.60 | 3.93 ± 0.75 | 0.242 |
| Understanding of characteristics of developmental disabilities | 4.25 ± 0.79 | 4.24 ± 0.56 | 4.24 ± 0.71 | 0.687 |
| Communication skills | 4.07 ± 0.76 | 4.24 ± 0.66 | 4.13 ± 0.72 | 0.526 |
| Rapport-building skills | 3.96 ± 0.74 | 4.41 ± 0.61 | 4.13 ± 0.72 | 0.039 |
| Situational response skills | 3.89 ± 0.62 | 4.35 ± 0.60 | 4.07 ± 0.65 | 0.018 |
| Ability to develop nutrition education materials | 3.93 ± 0.66 | 4.12 ± 0.60 | 4.00 ± 0.64 | 0.377 |
| Mean | 3.98 ± 0.63 | 4.24 ± 0.50 | 4.08 ± 0.59 | 0.164 |
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0).
Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). Measured using a 5-point Likert scale based on self-reported ability to explain each item (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
n (%). Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). Multiple responses allowed; categories indicate facilities with at least one service user with the respective disability. Respondents were asked to select one primary disability type representing the largest proportion of service users. Includes intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). Daily number of meals served includes all meal recipients (e.g., service users, staff, and others). Daily number of meals served to service users refers to meals provided to individuals with disabilities only. Multiple responses allowed. Calculated as the total number of meals served divided by the number of cooks.
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). Participants were asked to select the single most important consideration in menu planning. Importance of each factor in menu planning for individuals with developmental disabilities was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). Multiple responses allowed. Participants were asked to select the single largest difficulty.
n (%). Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). For each domain, participants were asked to select the single most important item.
Mean ± SD. Low- and high-understanding groups were classified based on the median score of the developmental disability understanding scale (mean score of 6 items; median = 3.0). 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
