, 이진명4),5)
, 전민선4),6),†
, Jin-Myung Lee4),5)
, Min-Sun Jeon4),6),†
1)충남대학교 식품영양학과 박사과정생
2)충남대학교 글로컬 라이프케어 융합전공 박사과정생
3)충남대학교 글로컬 라이프케어 혁신인재양성교육연구단 박사과정생
4)충남대학교 글로컬 라이프케어 혁신인재양성교육연구단 참여 교수
5)충남대학교 소비자학과 교수
6)충남대학교 식품영양학과 교수
1)Ph. D. Student, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
2)Ph. D. Student, Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
3)Ph. D. Student, Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
4)Professor, Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
5)Professor, Department of Consumer Studies, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
6)Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
© 2026 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. NRF-2025S1A5C3A0104400212).
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available upon request to the corresponding author.
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 68.66 ± 3.65 | 67.93 ± 3.00 | 68.29 ± 3.36 | 6.024* |
| 60s | 173 (69.2) | 197 (78.8) | 370 (74.0) | |
| 70s | 72 (28.8) | 50 (20.0) | 122 (24.4) | |
| 80s | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (1.6) | |
| Education | 20.940*** | |||
| Middle school or below | 4 (1.6) | 8(3.2) | 12 (2.4) | |
| High school | 58 (23.2) | 102 (40.8) | 160 (32.0) | |
| College or university | 150 (60.0) | 116 (46.4) | 266 (53.2) | |
| Graduate school or above | 38 (15.2) | 24 (9.6) | 62 (12.4) | |
| Residence area | 13.149* | |||
| Seoul | 71 (28.4) | 95 (38.0) | 166 (33.2) | |
| Incheon/Gyeonggi | 79 (31.6) | 81 (32.4) | 160 (32.0) | |
| Daejeon/Sejong/Chungcheong | 30 (12.0) | 22 (8.8) | 52 (10.4) | |
| Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongnam | 32 (12.8) | 18 (7.2) | 50 (10.0) | |
| Daegu/Gyeongsang/Gangwon | 28 (11.2) | 17 (6.8) | 45 (9.0) | |
| Gwangju/Jeolla/Jeju | 10 (4.0) | 17 (6.8) | 27 (5.4) | |
| Diagnosed conditions1),2) | 22.038** | |||
| Hypertension | 117 (34.8) | 97 (27.5) | 214 (31.1) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 71 (21.1) | 108 (30.6) | 179 (26.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 55 (16.4) | 41 (11.6) | 96 (13.9) | |
| Obesity | 25 (7.4) | 23 (6.5) | 48 (7.0) | |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 15 (4.5) | 25 (7.1) | 40 (5.8) | |
| Others | 10 (3.0) | 15 (4.2) | 25 (3.6) | |
| No disease | 43 (12.8) | 44 (12.5) | 87 (12.6) | |
| Total3) | 336 (100.0) | 353 (100.0) | 689 (100.0) | |
| Health promotion activities4) | 3.52 ± 0.44 | 3.60 ± 0.42 | 3.56 ± 0.43 | –2.102* |
Mean ± SD or n (%).
Health promotion activities: 35 items; total score range, 35–175 points.
1)Multiple choice.
2)This multi-item scale allows multiple responses for the seven diagnosed conditions.
3)Percentages are based on total responses, not respondents (n = 250 per gender); thus, the sum of n values exceeds the sample size due to multiple responses.
4)Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much).
*P < 0.05,
**P < 0.01,
***P < 0.001 by chi-square test or independent t-test.
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experienced in nutrition education | 45 (18.0) | 68 (27.2) | 113 (22.6) | 6.048* |
| Interest in nutrition management | 3.54 ± 0.75 | 3.73 ± 0.73 | 3.64 ± 0.74 | –2.796** |
| Practicing nutrition management | 147 (58.8) | 182 (72.8) | 329 (65.8) | 10.887*** |
| Sources of nutrition information1) | 1.552 | |||
| Internet | 82 (55.8) | 98 (53.8) | 180 (54.7) | |
| TV/radio | 26 (17.7) | 38 (20.9) | 64 (19.5) | |
| Family/friends/colleagues | 20 (13.6) | 27 (14.8) | 47 (14.3) | |
| Hospital/public health center | 13 (8.8) | 15 (8.2) | 28 (8.5) | |
| Newspaper/magazine/book | 6 (4.1) | 4 (2.2) | 10 (3.0) | |
| Total | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | |
| Nutritional management obstacles2),3),4) | 33.035*** | |||
| Difficulty maintaining nutrition management alone | 84 (17.7) | 105 (22.8) | 189 (20.2) | |
| Difficulty assessing own nutrition management | 88 (18.6) | 93 (20.2) | 181 (19.4) | |
| Difficulty determining relevance of nutrition information | 81 (17.1) | 56 (12.1) | 137 (14.6) | |
| Lack of information in nutrition management | 61 (12.9) | 33 (7.2) | 94 (10.1) | |
| Financial difficulty in food purchasing | 36 (7.6) | 51 (11.1) | 87 (9.3) | |
| Lack of knowledge about food and nutrition | 46 (9.7) | 29 (6.3) | 75 (8.0) | |
| Uncertainty about starting nutrition management | 31 (6.5) | 26 (5.6) | 57 (6.1) | |
| Lack of time for nutrition management | 14 (3.0) | 19 (4.1) | 33 (3.5) | |
| Difficulty understanding related terms | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.9) | 7 (0.7) | |
| Others | 4 (0.8) | 6 (1.3) | 10 (1.1) | |
| No barriers | 26 (5.5) | 39 (8.5) | 65 (7.0) | |
| Total5) | 474 (100.0) | 461 (100.0) | 935 (100.0) |
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
1)Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much).
2)Only respondents who practiced nutrition management were included.
3)Results are based on multiple choice.
4)This multi-item scale allows multiple responses for the eleven nutritional management obstacles.
5)Percentages are based on total responses, not respondents (n = 250 per gender); thus, the sum of n values exceeds the sample size due to multiple responses.
*P < 0.05,
**P < 0.01,
***P < 0.001 by chi-square test or independent t-test.
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective digital skills1) | 3.59 ± 0.65 | 3.60 ± 0.72 | 3.59 ± 0.68 | –0.131 |
| Digital function use | ||||
| Receiving messages | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | 0.000 |
| Sending messages | 249 (99.6) | 250 (100.0) | 499 (99.8) | 1.002 |
| Information searching & retrieval | 249 (99.6) | 249 (99.6) | 498 (99.6) | 0.000 |
| Photo or video shooting | 249 (99.6) | 247 (98.8) | 496 (99.2) | 1.008 |
| Default setting | 244 (97.6) | 237 (94.8) | 481 (96.2) | 2.681 |
| Data transfer & sharing | 240 (96.0) | 240 (96.0) | 480 (96.0) | 0.000 |
| Wireless internet setup | 239 (95.6) | 232 (92.8) | 471 (94.2) | 1.794 |
| Video viewing | 230 (92.0) | 238 (95.2) | 468 (93.6) | 2.137 |
| App search & installation | 236 (94.4) | 219 (87.6) | 455 (91.0) | 7.057** |
| Social media | 202 (80.8) | 187 (74.8) | 389 (77.8) | 2.605 |
| Accommodation/medical reservation | 177 (70.8) | 155 (62.0) | 332 (66.4) | 4.339* |
| Others | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 3.996 |
| Total2) | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | |
| Difficulties in using digital devices | ||||
| Personal data consent | 3.11 ± 1.11 | 3.07 ± 1.15 | 3.09 ± 1.13 | 0.356 |
| Difficulty remembering passwords | 2.66 ± 1.16 | 2.44 ± 1.07 | 2.55 ± 1.12 | 2.205* |
| Unwilling to install apps | 2.43 ± 1.05 | 2.64 ± 1.07 | 2.50 ± 1.02 | –2.191* |
| Unfamiliar with smartphone terms | 2.40 ± 1.00 | 2.59 ± 1.03 | 2.53 ± 1.07 | –2.064* |
| Redirected to unwanted screen | 2.31 ± 0.99 | 2.41 ± 0.97 | 2.36 ± 0.98 | –1.093 |
| Difficulty operating smartphone | 2.18 ± 0.83 | 2.35 ± 0.89 | 2.27 ± 0.86 | –2.183* |
| Difficulty reading content | 2.16 ± 0.87 | 2.06 ± 0.89 | 2.11 ± 0.88 | 1.221 |
| Unsure where to click | 1.96 ± 0.81 | 2.00 ± 0.86 | 1.98 ± 0.83 | –0.482 |
| Accidental payment from wrong touch | 1.98 ± 0.89 | 1.90 ± 0.81 | 1.94 ± 0.85 | 1.107 |
| Total | 2.36 ± 0.71 | 2.38 ± 0.69 | 2.37 ± 0.70 |
| Variables1) | Values | Factor loading | Cronbach’s α | Eigen value (variance, %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1. Self-directed well-being practice education | 3.41 ± 0.76 | |||
| Supplement education | 3.64 ± 0.87 | 0.607 | 0.861 | 7.807 (45.923) |
| Functional food education | 3.59 ± 0.90 | 0.540 | ||
| Hydration management | 3.48 ± 0.95 | 0.725 | ||
| Digestive disorder management | 3.43 ± 0.98 | 0.813 | ||
| Constipation management | 3.31 ± 1.07 | 0.773 | ||
| Preferred food education | 2.99 ± 1.16 | 0.528 | ||
| Factor 2. Dietary therapy for major chronic diseases | 3.76 ± 0.82 | |||
| Hyperlipidemia management | 3.94 ± 0.91 | 0.655 | 0.812 | 1.351 (7.949) |
| Hypertension management | 3.87 ± 1.01 | 0.774 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus management | 3.81 ± 1.02 | 0.798 | ||
| Obesity management | 3.42 ± 1.13 | 0.507 | ||
| Factor 3. Nutrition strategy for longevity and anti-aging | 4.00 ± 0.03 | |||
| Dementia prevention management | 4.17 ± 0.88 | 0.566 | 0.826 | 1.213 (7.136) |
| Muscle loss management | 4.00 ± 0.81 | 0.758 | ||
| Arthritis management | 3.93 ± 0.87 | 0.647 | ||
| Inflammation prevention management | 3.92 ± 0.80 | 0.798 | ||
| Factor 4. Enhancing nutrition literacy education | 3.59 ± 0.04 | |||
| Nutrition information evaluation training | 3.78 ± 0.79 | 0.696 | 0.835 | 1.050 (6.174) |
| Major nutrients education | 3.50 ± 0.94 | 0.818 | ||
| Major foods education | 3.50 ± 0.95 | 0.832 | ||
| Total | 3.66 ± 0.64 |
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Need for education1) | 3.89 ± 0.62 | 3.78 ± 0.77 | 3.83 ± 0.70 | 1.788 |
| Intention to use education1) | 3.98 ± 0.64 | 3.81 ± 0.75 | 3.90 ± 0.70 | 2.770** |
| Educational delivery methods1) | ||||
| Video lecture | 3.87 ± 0.64 | 3.75 ± 0.74 | 3.81 ± 0.69 | 1.942 |
| Live online classes | 3.59 ± 0.78 | 3.43 ± 0.84 | 3.51 ± 0.81 | 2.212* |
| Infographics and card news | 3.52 ± 0.76 | 3.43 ± 0.83 | 3.48 ± 0.79 | 1.300 |
| 1:1 text message counseling | 2.05 ± 0.82 | 3.02 ± 0.83 | 3.04 ± 0.83 | 0.433 |
| In-person lecture | 3.04 ± 0.87 | 2.99 ± 0.95 | 3.02 ± 0.91 | 0.689 |
| Operating institution | 7.044 | |||
| Local government agencies | 136 (54.4) | 164 (65.6) | 300 (60.0) | |
| Hospital | 56 (22.4) | 45 (18.0) | 101 (20.2) | |
| Senior-related institutions | 35 (14.0) | 27 (10.8) | 62 (12.4) | |
| Colleges and universities | 20 (8.0) | 12 (4.8) | 32 (6.4) | |
| Recommended training duration (per session) | 2.662 | |||
| Less than 5 minutes | 15 (6.0) | 11 (4.4) | 26 (5.2) | |
| 5–30 minutes | 176 (70.4) | 165 (66.0) | 341 (68.2) | |
| 30 minutes or more | 59 (23.6) | 74 (29.6) | 133 (26.6) | |
| Total | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) |
| Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender | 1 | |||||||
| 2. Age | 0.108** | 1 | ||||||
| 3. Education level | 0.202*** | –0.056 | 1 | |||||
| 4. Intention to use education | 0.123** | 0.062 | 0.057 | 1 | ||||
| 5. Need for education | 0.080 | 0.013 | 0.049 | 0.651*** | 1 | |||
| 6. Nutrition management interest | –0.124** | –0.046 | 0.207*** | 0.280*** | 0.233*** | 1 | ||
| 7. Subjective digital skills | –0.006 | –0.024 | 0.110** | 0.139** | 0.137** | 0.165*** | 1 | |
| 8. Health promotion activities | –0.067 | 0.073 | 0.065 | 0.250*** | 0.206*** | 0.422*** | 0.225*** | 1 |
| Independent variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | β | t | B | Standard error | β | t | |
| Gender1) | –0.194 | 0.067 | –0.097 | –2.876** | –0.193 | 0.068 | –0.097 | –2.859** |
| Nutrition management interest | 0.118 | 0.038 | 0.118 | 3.142** | –0.045 | 0.120 | –0.045 | –0.373 |
| Need for digital nutrition education | 0.596 | 0.035 | 0.596 | 17.103*** | 0.617 | 0.123 | 0.617 | 5.010*** |
| Subjective digital skills | 0.022 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.647 | 0.058 | 0.116 | 0.058 | 0.500 |
| Health promotion activities | 0.072 | 0.038 | 0.072 | 1.884 | 0.065 | 0.124 | 0.065 | 0.526 |
| Nutrition management interest × gender | 0.108 | 0.076 | 0.170 | 1.434 | ||||
| Need for digital nutrition education × gender | –0.012 | 0.073 | –0.020 | –0.167 | ||||
| Subjective digital skills × gender | –0.020 | 0.070 | –0.033 | –0.292 | ||||
| Health promotion activities × gender | 0.004 | 0.077 | 0.006 | 0.046 | ||||
| R2 | 0.455 | 0.458 | ||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.449 | 0.448 | ||||||
| F | 82.469*** | 45.952*** | ||||||
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 68.66 ± 3.65 | 67.93 ± 3.00 | 68.29 ± 3.36 | 6.024* |
| 60s | 173 (69.2) | 197 (78.8) | 370 (74.0) | |
| 70s | 72 (28.8) | 50 (20.0) | 122 (24.4) | |
| 80s | 5 (2.0) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (1.6) | |
| Education | 20.940 |
|||
| Middle school or below | 4 (1.6) | 8(3.2) | 12 (2.4) | |
| High school | 58 (23.2) | 102 (40.8) | 160 (32.0) | |
| College or university | 150 (60.0) | 116 (46.4) | 266 (53.2) | |
| Graduate school or above | 38 (15.2) | 24 (9.6) | 62 (12.4) | |
| Residence area | 13.149 |
|||
| Seoul | 71 (28.4) | 95 (38.0) | 166 (33.2) | |
| Incheon/Gyeonggi | 79 (31.6) | 81 (32.4) | 160 (32.0) | |
| Daejeon/Sejong/Chungcheong | 30 (12.0) | 22 (8.8) | 52 (10.4) | |
| Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongnam | 32 (12.8) | 18 (7.2) | 50 (10.0) | |
| Daegu/Gyeongsang/Gangwon | 28 (11.2) | 17 (6.8) | 45 (9.0) | |
| Gwangju/Jeolla/Jeju | 10 (4.0) | 17 (6.8) | 27 (5.4) | |
| Diagnosed conditions |
22.038 |
|||
| Hypertension | 117 (34.8) | 97 (27.5) | 214 (31.1) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 71 (21.1) | 108 (30.6) | 179 (26.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 55 (16.4) | 41 (11.6) | 96 (13.9) | |
| Obesity | 25 (7.4) | 23 (6.5) | 48 (7.0) | |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 15 (4.5) | 25 (7.1) | 40 (5.8) | |
| Others | 10 (3.0) | 15 (4.2) | 25 (3.6) | |
| No disease | 43 (12.8) | 44 (12.5) | 87 (12.6) | |
| Total |
336 (100.0) | 353 (100.0) | 689 (100.0) | |
| Health promotion activities |
3.52 ± 0.44 | 3.60 ± 0.42 | 3.56 ± 0.43 | –2.102 |
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experienced in nutrition education | 45 (18.0) | 68 (27.2) | 113 (22.6) | 6.048 |
| Interest in nutrition management | 3.54 ± 0.75 | 3.73 ± 0.73 | 3.64 ± 0.74 | –2.796 |
| Practicing nutrition management | 147 (58.8) | 182 (72.8) | 329 (65.8) | 10.887 |
| Sources of nutrition information |
1.552 | |||
| Internet | 82 (55.8) | 98 (53.8) | 180 (54.7) | |
| TV/radio | 26 (17.7) | 38 (20.9) | 64 (19.5) | |
| Family/friends/colleagues | 20 (13.6) | 27 (14.8) | 47 (14.3) | |
| Hospital/public health center | 13 (8.8) | 15 (8.2) | 28 (8.5) | |
| Newspaper/magazine/book | 6 (4.1) | 4 (2.2) | 10 (3.0) | |
| Total | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | |
| Nutritional management obstacles |
33.035 |
|||
| Difficulty maintaining nutrition management alone | 84 (17.7) | 105 (22.8) | 189 (20.2) | |
| Difficulty assessing own nutrition management | 88 (18.6) | 93 (20.2) | 181 (19.4) | |
| Difficulty determining relevance of nutrition information | 81 (17.1) | 56 (12.1) | 137 (14.6) | |
| Lack of information in nutrition management | 61 (12.9) | 33 (7.2) | 94 (10.1) | |
| Financial difficulty in food purchasing | 36 (7.6) | 51 (11.1) | 87 (9.3) | |
| Lack of knowledge about food and nutrition | 46 (9.7) | 29 (6.3) | 75 (8.0) | |
| Uncertainty about starting nutrition management | 31 (6.5) | 26 (5.6) | 57 (6.1) | |
| Lack of time for nutrition management | 14 (3.0) | 19 (4.1) | 33 (3.5) | |
| Difficulty understanding related terms | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.9) | 7 (0.7) | |
| Others | 4 (0.8) | 6 (1.3) | 10 (1.1) | |
| No barriers | 26 (5.5) | 39 (8.5) | 65 (7.0) | |
| Total |
474 (100.0) | 461 (100.0) | 935 (100.0) |
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective digital skills |
3.59 ± 0.65 | 3.60 ± 0.72 | 3.59 ± 0.68 | –0.131 |
| Digital function use | ||||
| Receiving messages | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | 0.000 |
| Sending messages | 249 (99.6) | 250 (100.0) | 499 (99.8) | 1.002 |
| Information searching & retrieval | 249 (99.6) | 249 (99.6) | 498 (99.6) | 0.000 |
| Photo or video shooting | 249 (99.6) | 247 (98.8) | 496 (99.2) | 1.008 |
| Default setting | 244 (97.6) | 237 (94.8) | 481 (96.2) | 2.681 |
| Data transfer & sharing | 240 (96.0) | 240 (96.0) | 480 (96.0) | 0.000 |
| Wireless internet setup | 239 (95.6) | 232 (92.8) | 471 (94.2) | 1.794 |
| Video viewing | 230 (92.0) | 238 (95.2) | 468 (93.6) | 2.137 |
| App search & installation | 236 (94.4) | 219 (87.6) | 455 (91.0) | 7.057 |
| Social media | 202 (80.8) | 187 (74.8) | 389 (77.8) | 2.605 |
| Accommodation/medical reservation | 177 (70.8) | 155 (62.0) | 332 (66.4) | 4.339 |
| Others | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 3.996 |
| Total |
250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) | |
| Difficulties in using digital devices | ||||
| Personal data consent | 3.11 ± 1.11 | 3.07 ± 1.15 | 3.09 ± 1.13 | 0.356 |
| Difficulty remembering passwords | 2.66 ± 1.16 | 2.44 ± 1.07 | 2.55 ± 1.12 | 2.205 |
| Unwilling to install apps | 2.43 ± 1.05 | 2.64 ± 1.07 | 2.50 ± 1.02 | –2.191 |
| Unfamiliar with smartphone terms | 2.40 ± 1.00 | 2.59 ± 1.03 | 2.53 ± 1.07 | –2.064 |
| Redirected to unwanted screen | 2.31 ± 0.99 | 2.41 ± 0.97 | 2.36 ± 0.98 | –1.093 |
| Difficulty operating smartphone | 2.18 ± 0.83 | 2.35 ± 0.89 | 2.27 ± 0.86 | –2.183 |
| Difficulty reading content | 2.16 ± 0.87 | 2.06 ± 0.89 | 2.11 ± 0.88 | 1.221 |
| Unsure where to click | 1.96 ± 0.81 | 2.00 ± 0.86 | 1.98 ± 0.83 | –0.482 |
| Accidental payment from wrong touch | 1.98 ± 0.89 | 1.90 ± 0.81 | 1.94 ± 0.85 | 1.107 |
| Total | 2.36 ± 0.71 | 2.38 ± 0.69 | 2.37 ± 0.70 |
| Variables |
Values | Factor loading | Cronbach’s α | Eigen value (variance, %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1. Self-directed well-being practice education | 3.41 ± 0.76 | |||
| Supplement education | 3.64 ± 0.87 | 0.607 | 0.861 | 7.807 (45.923) |
| Functional food education | 3.59 ± 0.90 | 0.540 | ||
| Hydration management | 3.48 ± 0.95 | 0.725 | ||
| Digestive disorder management | 3.43 ± 0.98 | 0.813 | ||
| Constipation management | 3.31 ± 1.07 | 0.773 | ||
| Preferred food education | 2.99 ± 1.16 | 0.528 | ||
| Factor 2. Dietary therapy for major chronic diseases | 3.76 ± 0.82 | |||
| Hyperlipidemia management | 3.94 ± 0.91 | 0.655 | 0.812 | 1.351 (7.949) |
| Hypertension management | 3.87 ± 1.01 | 0.774 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus management | 3.81 ± 1.02 | 0.798 | ||
| Obesity management | 3.42 ± 1.13 | 0.507 | ||
| Factor 3. Nutrition strategy for longevity and anti-aging | 4.00 ± 0.03 | |||
| Dementia prevention management | 4.17 ± 0.88 | 0.566 | 0.826 | 1.213 (7.136) |
| Muscle loss management | 4.00 ± 0.81 | 0.758 | ||
| Arthritis management | 3.93 ± 0.87 | 0.647 | ||
| Inflammation prevention management | 3.92 ± 0.80 | 0.798 | ||
| Factor 4. Enhancing nutrition literacy education | 3.59 ± 0.04 | |||
| Nutrition information evaluation training | 3.78 ± 0.79 | 0.696 | 0.835 | 1.050 (6.174) |
| Major nutrients education | 3.50 ± 0.94 | 0.818 | ||
| Major foods education | 3.50 ± 0.95 | 0.832 | ||
| Total | 3.66 ± 0.64 |
| Variables | Men (n = 250) | Women (n = 250) | Total (n = 500) | χ2/t-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Need for education |
3.89 ± 0.62 | 3.78 ± 0.77 | 3.83 ± 0.70 | 1.788 |
| Intention to use education |
3.98 ± 0.64 | 3.81 ± 0.75 | 3.90 ± 0.70 | 2.770 |
| Educational delivery methods |
||||
| Video lecture | 3.87 ± 0.64 | 3.75 ± 0.74 | 3.81 ± 0.69 | 1.942 |
| Live online classes | 3.59 ± 0.78 | 3.43 ± 0.84 | 3.51 ± 0.81 | 2.212 |
| Infographics and card news | 3.52 ± 0.76 | 3.43 ± 0.83 | 3.48 ± 0.79 | 1.300 |
| 1:1 text message counseling | 2.05 ± 0.82 | 3.02 ± 0.83 | 3.04 ± 0.83 | 0.433 |
| In-person lecture | 3.04 ± 0.87 | 2.99 ± 0.95 | 3.02 ± 0.91 | 0.689 |
| Operating institution | 7.044 | |||
| Local government agencies | 136 (54.4) | 164 (65.6) | 300 (60.0) | |
| Hospital | 56 (22.4) | 45 (18.0) | 101 (20.2) | |
| Senior-related institutions | 35 (14.0) | 27 (10.8) | 62 (12.4) | |
| Colleges and universities | 20 (8.0) | 12 (4.8) | 32 (6.4) | |
| Recommended training duration (per session) | 2.662 | |||
| Less than 5 minutes | 15 (6.0) | 11 (4.4) | 26 (5.2) | |
| 5–30 minutes | 176 (70.4) | 165 (66.0) | 341 (68.2) | |
| 30 minutes or more | 59 (23.6) | 74 (29.6) | 133 (26.6) | |
| Total | 250 (100.0) | 250 (100.0) | 500 (100.0) |
| Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Gender | 1 | |||||||
| 2. Age | 0.108 |
1 | ||||||
| 3. Education level | 0.202 |
–0.056 | 1 | |||||
| 4. Intention to use education | 0.123 |
0.062 | 0.057 | 1 | ||||
| 5. Need for education | 0.080 | 0.013 | 0.049 | 0.651 |
1 | |||
| 6. Nutrition management interest | –0.124 |
–0.046 | 0.207 |
0.280 |
0.233 |
1 | ||
| 7. Subjective digital skills | –0.006 | –0.024 | 0.110 |
0.139 |
0.137 |
0.165 |
1 | |
| 8. Health promotion activities | –0.067 | 0.073 | 0.065 | 0.250 |
0.206 |
0.422 |
0.225 |
1 |
| Independent variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | β | t | B | Standard error | β | t | |
| Gender |
–0.194 | 0.067 | –0.097 | –2.876 |
–0.193 | 0.068 | –0.097 | –2.859 |
| Nutrition management interest | 0.118 | 0.038 | 0.118 | 3.142 |
–0.045 | 0.120 | –0.045 | –0.373 |
| Need for digital nutrition education | 0.596 | 0.035 | 0.596 | 17.103 |
0.617 | 0.123 | 0.617 | 5.010 |
| Subjective digital skills | 0.022 | 0.034 | 0.022 | 0.647 | 0.058 | 0.116 | 0.058 | 0.500 |
| Health promotion activities | 0.072 | 0.038 | 0.072 | 1.884 | 0.065 | 0.124 | 0.065 | 0.526 |
| Nutrition management interest × gender | 0.108 | 0.076 | 0.170 | 1.434 | ||||
| Need for digital nutrition education × gender | –0.012 | 0.073 | –0.020 | –0.167 | ||||
| Subjective digital skills × gender | –0.020 | 0.070 | –0.033 | –0.292 | ||||
| Health promotion activities × gender | 0.004 | 0.077 | 0.006 | 0.046 | ||||
| R2 | 0.455 | 0.458 | ||||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.449 | 0.448 | ||||||
| F | 82.469 |
45.952 |
||||||
Mean ± SD or n (%). Health promotion activities: 35 items; total score range, 35–175 points. Multiple choice. This multi-item scale allows multiple responses for the seven diagnosed conditions. Percentages are based on total responses, not respondents (n = 250 per gender); thus, the sum of n values exceeds the sample size due to multiple responses. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much).
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much). Only respondents who practiced nutrition management were included. Results are based on multiple choice. This multi-item scale allows multiple responses for the eleven nutritional management obstacles. Percentages are based on total responses, not respondents (n = 250 per gender); thus, the sum of n values exceeds the sample size due to multiple responses.
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much). Percentages are based on the number of respondents for each gender (n = 250) and refer to the “Yes” responses for each individual item.
Mean ± SD. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.919, Cronbach’s α = 0.924, Bartlett’s test of sphericity χ2 = 4,692.066, df = 136,
Mean ± SD or n (%). Measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much).
Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated controlling for gender, age, and educational level.
Dependent variable: intention to use digital nutrition education. Gender coded as men = 1, women = 0.
