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[Korean]
Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Chaemin Kim, Eunjung Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):65-80.   Published online February 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.65
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019–2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study utilized raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study.
Results
In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly.
Conclusions
After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Status of Use of Protein Supplement Products according to the Health Concerns of Adults in Their 20s and 30s
    Cho-In Oh, Bok-Mi Jung
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2025; 35(1): 9.     CrossRef
  • A study on regional differences in dietary behaviors and satisfaction in Korea focusing on urban and rural comparisons: a cross-sectional study
    Jong-Youn Rha, Sohyun Kim, Hae-Rang Lee, Juhyeon Kil
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 140.     CrossRef
  • How Did the Dietary Behavior of Older Korean Adults Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
    Yong-Seok Kwon, Dasol Kim, Hee-Sook Lim
    Nutrients.2025; 17(12): 1973.     CrossRef
  • Intake of energy and macronutrients according to household income among elementary, middle, and high school students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
    Chae-Eun Jeong, Heejin Lee, Jung Eun Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(3): 234.     CrossRef
  • 성인 남녀의 먹방 시청시간에 따른 식행동에 대한 연구
    하얀 남, 복미 정, 은례 전
    Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2024; 40(4): 275.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
Estimating and evaluating usual total fat and fatty acid intake in the Korean population using data from the 2019–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a cross-sectional study
Gyeong-yoon Lee, Dong Woo Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(5):414-422.   Published online October 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.5.414
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study evaluated usual dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids among the Korean population based on the revised Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2020 (2020 KDRIs).
Methods
This study utilized data from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2019–2021). We included 18,895 individuals aged 1 year and above whose 1-day 24-hour dietary recall data were available. To calculate the external variability using the National Cancer Institute 1-day method, data from the U.S. NHANES 2017-March 2020 Pre-pandemic dataset were employed. The total fat and fatty acid intake were evaluated based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) and Adequate intake (AI) of 2020 KDRIs for each sex and age groups.
Results
Approximately 86% of the Korean population obtained an adequate amount of energy from total fat consumption (within the AMDRs), indicating an appropriate level of intake. However, the percentage of individuals consuming saturated fatty acids below the AMDR was low, with only 12% among those under 19 years of age and 52% aged 19 years and older. On a positive note, approximately 70% of the population showed adequate consumption of essential fatty acids, exceeding the AI. Nevertheless, monitoring the intake ratio of omega 3 (n-3) to omega 6 (n-6) fatty acids is essential to ensure an optimum balance.
Conclusions
This study explored the possibility of estimating the distribution of nutrient intake in a population by applying the external variability ratio. Therefore, if future KNHANES conduct multiple 24-hour recalls every few years-similar to the U.S. NHANES-even for a subset of participants, this may aid in the accurate assessment of the nutritional status of the population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Nutritional risk assessment using estimated usual nutrient intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 8th (2019–2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
    Woojin Byeon, Cho-il Kim, Sung Ok Kwon, Jihyun Yoon, Linxi Huang
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(5): 799.     CrossRef
  • The association between COVID-19 and changes in food consumption in Korea: analyzing the microdata of household income and expenditure from Statistics Korea 2019–2022
    Haram Eom, Kyounghee Kim, Seonghwan Cho, Junghoon Moon
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 153.     CrossRef
  • Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016–2021 KNHANES data
    Enkhgerel Erdenetsetseg, Hye Ran Shin, SuJin Song
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 144.     CrossRef
  • 2,855 View
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[Korean]
A comparison of serum lipid concentration by drinking habits based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII) : a cross-sectional study
Chang–Yun Park, Hyung-Sook Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(5):404-413.   Published online October 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.5.404
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study compared serum lipid concentration according to drinking habits.
Methods
We analyzed data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). The study included 8,525 adults (3,651 males and 4,874 females), aged 30 – 59 years.
Results
There were differences in age, gender, education level, smoking status, physical activity, and waist circumference between drinkers and abstainers. The serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level of the drinkers was lower than those of the abstainers (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were highest in the group that consumed alcohol ‘more than twice a week’ relative to the other groups (P < 0.001). The LDL-C and atherogenic index (AI) levels were lowest in the ‘more than twice a week’ drinking group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum TG and HDL-C concentrations were the highest in the ‘7 glasses/time’ group (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration was the lowest in the ‘7 glasses/time’ group (P < 0.001). Notably, the higher the frequency of binge drinking (7 glasses or more), the higher the concentration of TG (P < 0.001). The serum HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the ‘no binge’ and ‘more than once a week’ groups compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration and AI score were the lowest in the ‘more than once a week’ group (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
As the quantity and frequency of drinking increased, the serum TC concentration increased. Moreover, an increase in the serum HDL-C concentration led to a decrease in AI. The factors exacerbating cardiovascular disease increased simultaneously due to drinking. Our results suggest that for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and patients with low HDL-cholesterolemia, separate guidelines based on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are warranted.
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[Korean]
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(1):48-60.   Published online February 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.1.48
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to compare the sex-associated differences in the dietary intake of gastric cancer patients in Korea.
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) the 7th (2016-2018) were analyzed in the present study. The subjects included 122 gastric cancer patients aged over 40 years (75 male, 47 female). General characteristics (age, marital status, household income, education, food security, comorbidities, alcohol drinking, and smoking), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure), blood biochemical characteristics [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol)], and quantity and quality of dietary intake were compared between male and female participants.
Results
Males had higher rates of having a spouse, prevalence of hypertension, alcohol drinking, and smoking than females. The proportion of males with a normal range of FPG, BUN, and HDL-cholesterol was lower than that in females. The total cholesterol levels above the normal range were higher in females than in males. We also found that females had a higher percentage of intakes below the estimated energy requirement (EER) and intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) for carbohydrates, niacin, phosphorus, and iron than males. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphorus and folate, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin C, thiamine, niacin, folate, calcium, and phosphorus, and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were lower in females than males.
Conclusions
In Korean gastric cancer patients, management of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, lowering FPG, and raising HDL-cholesterol level management is required for males, whereas management of lowering total cholesterol and raising hematocrit is required for females. The quantitative and qualitative nutritional intakes were poor in gastric cancer patients, especially in females, who had a lower nutritional intake than males. We suggest that nutritional interventions are needed to improve the overall nutritional intake in both male and female gastric cancer patients. In particular, we propose that support is urgently needed for females whose nutritional intake is lower than that of males. In addition, family, social, and national support for nutritional management of female gastric cancer patients is highly necessary.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Prevalence of coronary artery disease according to lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake level, and comorbidities among Koreans aged 40 years and older: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition E
    Areum Song, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(6): 457.     CrossRef
  • 1,254 View
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  • 1 Crossref
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[Korean]
Blood Biochemical Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Risk Factors Related to Poor HbA1c Control in Elderly Korean Diabetes Patients: Comparison between the 4 th (2007-2009) and the 7 th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):406-421.   Published online October 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.406
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the blood biochemical characteristics, comorbidities, dietary intake, and other risk factors leading to poor glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) control in elderly Korean diabetes patients over 65 years of age.
Methods
Data from the 4 th (2007-2009) and the 7 th 2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were used. Socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, region, household income, education level, marital status, nutrition education, diabetes duration and diabetes treatment), lifestyle characteristics (drinking, smoking, regular walking, and subjective health perception), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, and waist circumference), blood biochemical characteristics (HbA1c, high- density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and blood creatinine), co-morbidities (obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and anemia), energy and nutrients intake, food group intake, and HbA1c control-related risk factors were compared.
Results
Compared to the 4 th survey, the 7 th survey showed an increase in diabetes prevalence among men, an increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the older patients, and an increase in the duration of diabetes. The energy ratio from carbohydrate consumption in the 7 th survey was lower than in the 4 th .Compared to the 4 th survey, thiamine and riboflavin intake had improved, and the intakes of vitamin A, vitamin C, and niacin had worsened in the 7 th . A comparison of food group intakes showed that there was a decrease in the consumption of whole grains, potatoes, and milk and an increase in the intake of beverages and alcoholic beverages. The risk factors for poor control of HbA1c were the duration of diabetes and co-morbid hypertriglyceridemia in the 4 th survey, whereas subjective health perception, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia as co-morbidities were found to be risk factors in the 7 th in addition to the risk factors highlighted in the 4 th survey.
Conclusions
For the future management of elderly Korean diabetes patients, greater care is indicated for men over 75 years, and those with low levels of education. It is necessary to increase the intake of milk and vegetables, and reduce the intake of beverages and alcoholic beverages. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the incidence of obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia for proper control of blood sugar.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors Influencing the Dietary Behavior of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study
    Sohyun Jin, Youngshin Song
    Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(1): 80.     CrossRef
  • Association of ultra-processed food with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in elderly populations (urban and rural): a cross-sectional study
    Seung Jae Lee, Mi Sook Cho
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 51.     CrossRef
  • Consistency of 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake and the relationship of dietary intake with blood glucose, hbA1c, BMI, and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes
    DaeEun Lee, Haejung Lee, Sangeun Lee, MinJin Lee, Ah Reum Khang
    Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(1): 20.     CrossRef
  • 2,081 View
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[Korean]
Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Adults in Metabolic Syndrome Patients According to Taking Medical Care: Based on the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Juhee Lee, Kyungsuk Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(4):321-340.   Published online August 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.4.321
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults.
Methods
The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed.
Results
The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points.
Conclusions
This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Identification of shared genetic risks underlying metabolic syndrome and its related traits in the Korean population
    Jun Young Kim, Yoon Shin Cho
    Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Intake in Normal, Caution, and Metabolic Syndrome Groups: Data from the 2019 Eighth KNHANES
    Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(12): 1304.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
    Joohee Oh, SongHee Ahn, Xiangqin Zhou, Yu Jin Lim, Sookyeong Hong, Hyun-Sook Kim
    Nutrients.2023; 15(24): 5110.     CrossRef
  • Distribution of the Metabolic Syndrome by Obesity and Health Behavior Based on the Eighth KNHANES at 2019
    Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(11): 1136.     CrossRef
  • 2,189 View
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  • 4 Crossref
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[Korean]
Dietary Iron Intake of Koreans Estimated using 2 Different Sources of Iron Contents are Comparable: Food & Nutrient Database and Iron Contents of Cooked Foods in the Korean Total Diet Study
Jeeyeon Lee, Sung Ok Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh, Min Jeong Seo, Gae Ho Lee, Cho-il Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(3):245-253.   Published online June 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.3.245
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study was conducted to find out if the dietary iron intake of Koreans estimated by 2 different methods (iron content sources) using the food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) are comparable. One method was based on the KNHANES's Food & Nutrient Database (FND) derived mainly from the Korean Food Composition Table and the other used the iron content (IC) of food samples processed in the Korean Total Diet Study (KTDS).
Methods
Dietary intake data from the 2013-2016 KNHANES was used to select representative foods (RFs) in KTDS for iron analysis. Selection of the RFs and cooking methods for each RF (RF × cooking method pair) was performed according to the ‘Guidebook for Korean Total Diet Studies’ and resulted in a total of 132 RFs and 224 ‘RF × cooking method’ pairs. RFs were collected in 9 metropolitan cities nationwide once or twice (for those with seasonality) in 2018 and made into 6 composites each, based on the origin and season prior to cooking. Then, the RF composites prepared to a ‘table ready’ state for KTDS were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary iron intake of the Korean population was estimated using only RFs’ intake data based on the 2 sources of iron content, namely FND-KNHANES and IC-KTDS.
Results
RFs in KTDS covered 92.0% of total food intake of Koreans in the 2016-2018 KNHANES. Mean iron intake of Koreans was 7.77 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS vs 9.73 mg/person/day by FND-KNHANES. The major food groups contributing to iron intake were meats (21.7%), vegetables (20.5%), and grains & cereals (13.4%) as per IC-KTDS. On the other hand, the latter source (FND-KNHANES) resulted in a very different profile: grains & cereals (31.1%), vegetables (16.8%), and meats (15.3%). While the top iron source was beef, accounting for 8.6% in the former, it was polished rice (19.2%) in the latter. There was a 10-fold difference in the iron content of polished rice between 2 sources that iron intakes excluding the contribution by polished rice resulted in very similar values: 7.58 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS and 7.86 mg/person/day by FNDKNHANES.
Conclusions
This study revealed that the dietary iron intake estimated by 2 different methods were quite comparable, excluding one RF, namely polished rice. KTDS was thus proven to be a useful tool in estimating a ‘closer-to-real’ dietary intake of nutrients for Koreans and further research on various nutrients is warranted.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Nutrients and food intake according to atherogenic index of plasma in Korean postmenopausal women
    Ye-Jin Lee, Sun Yung Ly
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(1): 87.     CrossRef
  • Iron Consumption and Colorectal Cancer in Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
    Sukhong Min, Katherine De la Torre, Hyobin Lee, Woo-Kyoung Shin, Daehee Kang
    Nutrients.2025; 17(8): 1309.     CrossRef
  • Dietary sodium and potassium intake of Koreans estimated using 2 different sources of their contents in foods, Food & Nutrient Database and the Korean Total Diet Study: a comparative study
    Jee Yeon Lee, Sung Ok Kwon, Soo Hyun Lee, Min Jeong Seo, Gae Ho Lee, Cho-il Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 235.     CrossRef
  • 1,920 View
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  • 3 Crossref
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[Korean]
Estimation of the Usual Food Intake Distribution Reflecting the Consumption Frequency and a Comparison of the Proportion of Non-consumers: Based on the KNHANES 2009
Su Ji Ham, Dong Woo Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(4):296-306.   Published online August 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.4.296
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of the usual dietary intake of foods with respect to the probability of consumption derived from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) of the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
Methods
The intake quantity and frequency of 63 food items were assessed from the 2009 KNHANES which was completed by 7,708 participants. The participants completed one or two 24-h dietary recalls and one FFQ. The usual intake distribution was estimated using the multiple source method (MSM), and the proportion of nonconsumers was calculated through the usual intake distribution. This was then compared with the proportion of non-consumers from the 24-hour recall method.
Results
The difference in the proportion of non-consumers ranged from 2% to 82.9%, indicating that there is a very large difference based on food groups. The food groups in which the proportion of non-consumers did not differ was composed of foods consumed daily, such as ‘rice’, ‘cereal and barley’, and ‘Chinese cabbage and kimchi’, or foods with distinct palatability such as ‘coffee’ and ‘alcohol’. On the other hand, in the case of the food groups with a high difference in the proportion of non-consumers, most comprised fruits that emphasized seasonality.
Conclusions
In the case of foods or food groups that are occasionally consumed, it is desirable to use 2 recalls with additional FFQ data by combining the consumption frequency and the quantity consumed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Accuracy of 24-Hour Dietary Recalls among Free-Living Older Korean Adults: Validation against Weighed Intakes
    Jieun Mun, Suyoung Kim, Kanghee Kim, Chaeyeon Nam, Sein Kim, Clara Y Park
    The Journal of Nutrition.2025; 155(12): 4446.     CrossRef
  • Fraction of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to dietary factors in Korea from 2015 to 2030
    Hyun Jeong Cho, Jin Young Yoo, Ga-Eun Yie, An Na Kim, Soseul Sung, Sungji Moon, Youjin Hong, Sangjun Lee, Inah Kim, Kwang-Pil Ko, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jung Eun Lee, Sue K. Park
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025065.     CrossRef
  • Dietary Management of Obesity
    Sang Hoon Lee, San Ha Kim, Sung Chul Park
    The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 83(3): 87.     CrossRef
  • 1,836 View
  • 17 Download
  • 3 Crossref
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[English]
Development of a Zinc Database to Estimate the Zinc Intake Levels in the Korean Toddlers and Preschool Children
Su-In Yoon, Jae Eun Shim
Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(2):103-110.   Published online April 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.2.103
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The objective of this study was to develop a zinc database (DB) to estimate the intake levels of zinc in Korean toddlers and preschool children using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A total of 3,361 food items for the DB representing the usual diet of Korean toddlers and preschool children were selected based on KNHANES (2009~2013) and the food composition table of Rural Development Administration (RDA). The existing values of zinc in foods were collected from the latest food composition tables of RDA (9th revision) and the US Department of Agriculture (legacy release). The zinc contents were filled preferentially with these collected values. The missing values were replaced with the calculated values or imputed values using the existing values of similar food items from the data source. The zinc intake levels of Korean toddlers and preschool children were estimated using KNHANES and zinc DB Results: A total of 1,188 existing values, 412 calculated values, and 1,727 imputed values were included in the zinc DB. The mean intake levels of zinc for 1-2-year-old children and 3-5-year-olds were 5.17 ± 2.94 mg/day and 6.30 ± 2.84 mg/day, respectively.There was no significant difference in the zinc intake levels between boys and girls in each group. Conclusions: This newly developed zinc DB would be helpful to assess the zinc nutritional status and investigate the association between the zinc intakes and related health concerns in Korean toddlers and preschool children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Food sources of zinc and nutritional status with usual dietary zinc intake in Korean toddlers and preschool children
    SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1211.     CrossRef
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[English]
The Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Dietary Habits in Korean Adults by Residential Area during the Last 10 Years – Based on the 4th (2007-2009) and the 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Da-Mee Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(1):37-47.   Published online February 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.37
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to discover the changes in obesity prevalence and dietary habits in Korean adults residing in various residential areas during the last 10 years. Methods: Data on Korean adults aged 19 years and above was obtained from the 4th (2007-2009) and the 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were classified into metropolitan 4th : n=5,977, 7th : n=6,651), urban (4th : n=4,511, 7th : n=5,512) and rural (4th : n=3,566, 7th : n=2,570) based on their residence. The general characteristics, nutrient intake, intake amount, food groups, and healthy dietary factors were analyzed. The association between residential areas and obesity prevalence were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: In urban and rural areas, the obesity rate increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey, excluding the metropolitan area. The carbohydrate intake decreased, and lipid intake increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey. Over the same period, the intake of cereals and vegetables decreased, and the intake of meat and processed foods increased. Rural residents had a higher intake of cereals and vegetables, and a lower intake of milk and processed foods than those in metropolitan areas and urban residents. The proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet increased in the 7th survey compared to the 4th survey. In the 4th survey, there was no relationship seen between the prevalence of obesity and the subject’s residential area, but in the 7th survey, the odds ratio of obesity was higher in rural areas than in the metropolitan areas, confirming the regional gap (OR: 1.16, 95% CI=1.00-1.36, p=0.044). Conclusions: This study showed that the obesity prevalence increased in rural residents compared to metropolitan residents, indicating a gap between the regions. The nutrient intake and intake of food groups changed in the 10 years under consideration, and there were differences seen between regions. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a policy that will reduce obesity prevalence and health inequalities between regions.

Citations

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  • Association between chemotherapy and the risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
    Sung Hoon Jeong, Seong Min Chun, Hyunji Lee, Miji Kim, Mira Choi, Ja-Ho Leigh
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Morning Bread with the Addition of Whole Citron (Citrus junos seib) Powder
    Eun Jung Kwak, Hyun-Joo Lee
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2025; 36(3): 417.     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Cancer Incidence Trends in Korea (2001–2020): An Age–Period–Cohort and Joinpoint Analysis with a Focus on Younger Cohorts
    Hyungho Lee, Mingyu Kim, Geehyun Song, Jae Young Joung, Hokyung Seo, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jinsoo Chung
    Medicina.2025; 61(12): 2179.     CrossRef
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    Jin-A Kim, Sim-Yeol Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(6): 410.     CrossRef
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    Sung Hoon Jeong, Kyungduk Hurh, Eun-Cheol Park, Ja-ho Leigh, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Seung Jae Lee, Mi Sook Cho
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 51.     CrossRef
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    Minkeun Kim, Chulyong Park, Joon Sakong, Shinhee Ye, So young Son, Kiook Baek
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    Su Min Kim, Cheol Park, Yung Hyun Choi, Hye Jin Hwang
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(4): 350.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Type of Nutrition Labeling on the Healthfulness Evaluation and Purchase Intentions of Home Meal Replacements (HMR) in South Korea
    Mee-Young Joe
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 387.     CrossRef
  • Blood Biochemical Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Risk Factors Related to Poor HbA1c Control in Elderly Korean Diabetes Patients: Comparison between the 4th(2007-2009) and the 7th(2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
    Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 406.     CrossRef
  • Interactions between red and processed meat consumption and APOA5 gene variants associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults
    Woo Jeong Choi, Dayeon Shin
    Genes & Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
    Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363.     CrossRef
  • Regional Disparity in Adult Obesity Prevalence, and Its Determinants
    Bongjeong Kim
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(4): 410.     CrossRef
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    Hae Sung Lee, Jong-Hee Kim
    Exercise Science.2021; 30(4): 419.     CrossRef
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[English]
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):485-501.   Published online December 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.485
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents’ (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eatingout frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

Citations

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  • Changes in Nutritional Status Through Low-Lactose Processed Milk Consumption in Korean Adults With Lactose Intolerance
    Dong Hoon Jung, Gi Moon Nam, Chang Kyun Lee, Chul hong Kim, Hyun-San Lim, Ji Yeon Lee, Hee-Sook Lim
    Clinical Nutrition Research.2025; 14(1): 30.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Quality in Children and Adolescents with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Using the Korean Nutrition Quotient Score
    So Yoon Choi, Yoowon Kwon, Yoo Min Lee, In Hyuk Yoo, Tae Hyeong Kim, You Jin Choi, Su Jin Jeong
    Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition.2025; 28(4): 256.     CrossRef
  • Biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and chronic disease risk according to the dietary fat energy ratio in middle-aged Korean: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(6): 528.     CrossRef
  • Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to Household Income Levels of Korean Adolescents: Using Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Yu-Kyeong Kwon, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 467.     CrossRef
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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake between Hypercholesterolemic and Normal groups based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyun-A Lee, Hyung-Sook Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(5):396-405.   Published online October 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.5.396
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake of normal healthy adults with those having hypercholesterolemia. Methods We analyzed data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 12,636 adults (5,223 males and 7,413 females) aged 19 or older were included in the study. Results Males with hypercholesterolemia were older and had a higher waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations compared to the normal group. Females with hypercholesterolemia were older and had higher FBS levels and serum TG concentrations compared to the normal group. While comparing nutrient intake by the 24-hour recall method, the male normal group showed a higher intake of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), vitamin A and thiamin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. However, the male normal group had a lower intake of iron and vitamin C compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. The female normal group had a higher intake of energy, protein, fat, SFA, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, riboflavin, and niacin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group, but had a lower intake of iron compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. A comparison of nutrient intake by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) showed the following: There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the normal men and women and those with hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment for confounding factors, nutrient intake by FFQ of the male normal group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acid and vitamin C compared to the group with hypercholesterolemia. However, there was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the two groups of women. Conclusions The average intake of n-3 fatty acids and vitamin C of the male group with hypercholesterolemia was lower than that of the normal group. However, since KNHANES is a cross-sectional study, prospective cohort studies are required to analyze the risk factors of hypercholesterolemia.

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  • Blue Food Consumption and Its Relation to Nutrient Intake among Koreans
    Yonghee Suk, Min June Lee, Sunny Ham
    Nutrients.2024; 16(18): 3128.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
    Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124.     CrossRef
  • 1,122 View
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Original Articles
[English]
Evaluation of the Nutrition Status and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence of the Members according to the Number of Household Members based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014)
Jin Young Lee, Soo Kyong Choi, Jung Sook Seo
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):232-244.   Published online June 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.232
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the nutritional status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the people who participated in the KNHANES according to the number of household members. They were assessed by using information from the 2013~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A total of 6,088 persons aged 19 years and over participated in 2013~2014 KNHANES, and they were classified into three groups according to the number of household members (single-person, two-person, three-person & over). The dietary behavior, nutritional status, health-related factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the subjects were investigated with using information from the survey questionnaires of KNHANES. The nutrient intake data of the subjects were obtained by the 24-hour recall method and this was analyzed for evaluating the nutrition adequacy ratio and the index of nutritional quality. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the subjects, and according to the study groups, was estimated using the blood and physical measurement data of the subjects.
RESULTS
As for EQ-5D index available for all the health states generated by the EQ-5D descriptive system, the single-person household member was the lowest among all the household types. The index of nutrition quality for protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin and vitamin C in the single-person household was lower than that of the two-person or the three-person and over households (p<0.001). The mean adequacy ratio of single-person households was significantly decreased compared with that of the other types of households (p<0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the single-person households than that in the multiple-person households (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
These results showed that dietary behaviors, nutrition status and health status might be influenced by the number of household members. The results from this study would be useful for improving Korean people's dietary life and health status by implementing evidence-based, specialized intervention for the members of diverse types of households.

Citations

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  • Dietary Behaviors and Health Status by Income Level in Single-Adult Households in Korea: An Analysis of Data From the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Min-Hee Han, Bok-Mi Jung, Mi-Kyeong Choi
    Clinical Nutrition Research.2025; 14(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • Understanding the charactersitics and types of single-person households based on food purchase frequencies in Korea: a cross-sectional study using the 2023 Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods
    So-Yun Kim, Youngmin Nam, Jong-Youn Rha, Haerang Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(1): 27.     CrossRef
  • Beyond individual integration: Family systems, social support networks and living environment as health determinants among migrants in Germany
    Franziska Reinhardt, Imad Maatouk
    Journal of Migration and Health.2025; 12: 100368.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Food and Nutrient Intake according to the Income Level in Korean Adult Single-Person Households: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018)
    Min-Hee Han, Bok-Mi Jung
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2024; 35(3): 445.     CrossRef
  • Higher Animal-Based Protein Intake Levels Show a Greater Likelihood of Having Metabolic Syndrome in Single-Person Households Among Korean Adults
    Yeongin Lee, Hyojee Joung
    Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4239.     CrossRef
  • The association of the Korean Healthy Eating Index with chronic conditions in middle-aged single-person households
    EunJung Lee, Ji-Myung Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 316.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Agrifood Consumer Competency and Dietary Satisfaction according to Household Type Using the Consumer Behavior Survey for Food
    Meera Kim
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(4): 414.     CrossRef
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    Se-Eun Kim, Min-Seo Park, Hyun-Joo Bae
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(5): 587.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Adults in Metabolic Syndrome Patients According to Taking Medical Care: Based on the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Juhee Lee, Kyungsuk Choi
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(4): 321.     CrossRef
  • Relationships of Dietary Factors with Obesity, Hypertension, and Diabetes by Regional Type among Single-Person Households in Korea
    Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin
    Nutrients.2021; 13(4): 1218.     CrossRef
  • Living Environment Considerations on Obesity Prevention Behaviors and Self-Efficacy among Chinese Americans
    Doreen Liou, Jessica A. Karasik
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(17): 9322.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
    Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
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    Haegyu Oh, Juyeon Kim, Yune Huh, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang
    Nutrients.2021; 14(1): 38.     CrossRef
  • Nutritional status and metabolic syndrome risk according to the dietary pattern of adult single-person household, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Yu Been Keum, Qi Ming Yu, Jung-Sook Seo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 23.     CrossRef
  • Home Meal Replacement Use and Eating Habits of Adults in One-Person Households
    Mi-Kyeong Choi, Eun-Sun Park, Mi-Hyun Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(6): 476.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Dietary Behavior of Eating Alone in Single Households by Status of Workers and Age
    Pil Kyoo Jo, Yu Jin Oh
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 408.     CrossRef
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[English]
Evaluation of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Intakes in the Korean Adult Population using Data from the 2016–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):223-231.   Published online June 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.223
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids among the Korean adult population.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study used the 2016–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. A total of 10,772 subjects aged ≥19 y for which dietary data were available were selected. Data pertaining to energy and nutrient intakes were obtained by a 24-h recall method. Total fat and fatty acids intakes were evaluated based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) of 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans by sex and age groups. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and sampling weights.
RESULTS
The mean intakes of energy and total fat were 1,952 kcal (95% CI: 1928–1977) and 46.1 g (45.2–47.1), respectively, and about 21% of the energy was obtained from fat in this study population (21.7% in men and 20.2% in women). The mean percentages of energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 6.4%, 6.7%, and 5.2%, respectively. About 18% of adults exceeded the AMDR for fat (30% of energy), whereas 37.6% exceeded the AMDR for saturated fatty acids (7% of energy). The proportions of subjects who consumed more than the AMDR for fat and saturated fatty acids decreased across age groups in both sexes. Among young adults (19–29 y), about 63% of the subjects obtained ≥7% of their energy from saturated fatty acids. About 61% of older adults obtained less than 15% of their energy from total fat.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased intake of fat energy was prominent in saturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest current information on total fat and fatty acids intakes in Korean adults and can be used to provide dietary guidelines for the improvement of public health.

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  • Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression are associated with lipid disorders among Korean adults: a cross-sectional analysis
    Hyun Ah Kim, Hye Ran Shin, SuJin Song
    Lipids in Health and Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016–2021 KNHANES data
    Enkhgerel Erdenetsetseg, Hye Ran Shin, SuJin Song
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 144.     CrossRef
  • Nutrition and food intake status among adults in Jeju according to sociodemographic characteristics and obesity
    Hyunji Ham, Hanbin Ko, Sumin Kim, Youjeong Jang, Jong-Seok Byun, Yoonsuk Jekal, Insuk Chai, Kyungho Ha
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(6): 667.     CrossRef
  • Biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and chronic disease risk according to the dietary fat energy ratio in middle-aged Korean: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(6): 528.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Nutritional Content of Snacks for Smart Snack Choices
    Chae Young Yoon, Eunju Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(4): 264.     CrossRef
  • Trends in dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids among Korean adults between 2007 and 2018
    Jae Eun Shim, Youngmi Lee, SuJin Song
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023069.     CrossRef
  • Diabetes and Dietary Fats
    Jae Won Cho
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 154.     CrossRef
  • Association of Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and Its Food Sources With Hypercholesterolemia in Middle-Aged Korean Men and Women
    In Young Jeong, Jae Eun Shim, SuJin Song
    CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal.2022; 2(2): 142.     CrossRef
  • Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data
    SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2022; 16(2): 260.     CrossRef
  • Substitution of Carbohydrates for Fats and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Korean Middle-Aged Adults: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
    Hye-Ah Lee, Hyesook Park
    Nutrients.2022; 14(3): 654.     CrossRef
  • Food behaviors accounting for the recent trends in dietary fatty acid profiles among Korean adults
    SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2022; 16(3): 405.     CrossRef
  • Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
    Seung-Won Oh
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801.     CrossRef
  • Regional Differences in Dietary Total Fat and Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and Their Associations with Metabolic Diseases among Korean Adults: Using the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
    SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 495.     CrossRef
  • The number of teeth is associated with diet quality in Korean adult population
    Hye-Sun Shin
    Archives of Oral Biology.2020; 118: 104882.     CrossRef
  • Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017
    SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
    Nutrients.2019; 11(12): 3073.     CrossRef
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[English]
Food and Nutrient Intake Level by the Risk of Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: The use of the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010–2011)
Hyobin Kim, Heysook Kim, Oran Kwon, Heejung Park
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):152-162.   Published online April 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.152
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the food, nutrient intake, and diet quality of postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those of control subjects.
METHODS
A total of 1,131 post-menopausal women aged over 45 years, who took the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), were included for analysis. These participants were classified into the following groups: the OP group, with a risk of OP (n=135); the CVD group, with a risk of CVD (n=373); the OP+CVD group, with a risk of OP and CVD concurrently (n=218); and the control group (n=405) according to bone mineral density (BMD) and CVD risk. Anthropometric measurements, blood profiles, dietary intake, and dietary quality indices were measured and compared among the four groups.
RESULTS
Waist circumference, total body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were higher, and HDL-cholesterol and BMD were lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. In the food frequency questionnaire, the OP+CVD group had significantly higher frequencies of grain (except for multi-grain) and lower frequencies of fruit and dairy product. The frequency of consumption of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages was higher in OP+CVD group. In nutrient density analysis, proteins and vitamin B2 levels were significantly lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. The nutritional quality index (INQ) values of calcium were in the order of 0.63, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.55 in each group, and it was urgent to improve the dietary intake for calcium in postmenopausal women. In addition, vitamin B2 was inadequately consumed by all groups.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamin B2 and calcium and decrease the frequency of intake of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages in postmenopausal women with the risk of OP and CVD.

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    Eun-A Kim, Yun-Mi Kim, Eun-Kyung Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 81.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of the Nutrient Intake and Health Status of Elderly Koreans According to their BMI Status: Focus on the Underweight Elderly Population
    You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 422.     CrossRef
  • Association between frailty and dietary intake amongst the Korean elderly: based on the 2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Suhyeon Yang, Won Jang, Yangha Kim
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    Inhwan Lee, Jeonghyeon Kim, Hyunsik Kang
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 7907.     CrossRef
  • Research Trend of Nutrition through Analysis of Articles Published in 'Korean Journal of Community Nutrition'
    Jin Suk Jo, Kyoung Sin Lee, Ki Nam Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(2): 278.     CrossRef
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[English]
Analysis of the Difference in Nutrients Intake, Dietary Behaviors and Food Intake Frequency of Single- and Non Single-Person Households: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014–2016
Na Yeon Kang, Bok Mi Jung
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):1-17.   Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to compare the dietary life of single- and non single-person households in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A nationally representative sample of 20,421 19-64-year-olds who had 24-hour recall data was taken from the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Single- and non single-persons were compared for nutrient intake, dietary behaviors, food consumption patterns, nutrition education and confirm nutrition label.
RESULTS
The dietary intakes of dietary fiber and iron were lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. The lower the level of education and income, the lower the nutrient intake of single-person households. In the case of those aged 19 to 29, the breakfast skipping rate was higher in single-person households than in non single-person households. The higher the education level, the higher the breakfast skipping rate and the eating out frequency in the single-person households. In the food intake survey, the frequency of healthy food intake in single-person households was much lower than that of non single-person households. The confirmation rate of nutrition labeling was lower in single-person households than in non single-person households.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that single-person households have poorer health-nutritional behaviors than multi-person households. Therefore, a nutrition education program based on the data of this study needs to be developed for health promotion of single-person households.

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    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2024; 35(3): 445.     CrossRef
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    Min Young Noh
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2024; 25(4): 236.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 404.     CrossRef
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    Meera Kim
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    Dokyung Kim, Sim-Yeol Lee
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    So-Young Kim, Ji Yu Choi
    International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science.2023; 31: 100644.     CrossRef
  • Perception to the dietary guidelines for Koreans among Korean adults based on sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle
    Yejin Yoon, Soo Hyun Kim, Hyojee Joung, Seoeun Ahn
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(6): 742.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Health Behaviors between Adults with Hypertension in Single- and Multi-Person Households: Based on the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Yongjae Yu, Youn Huh, Sung Sunwoo
    Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2023; 23(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Association between Healthy Eating Index and Mental Health in Middle-Aged Adults Based on Household Size in Korea
    Ji-Myung Kim, EunJung Lee
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(8): 4692.     CrossRef
  • A Qualitative Study of the Awareness and Influencing Factors of the Dietary Habits of the Male and Female Workers' at a Manufacturing Facility in Gwangju
    Ji Suk Yim, Young-Ran Heo
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(1): 12.     CrossRef
  • Association between eating alone and cardiovascular diseases in elderly women: a cross-sectional study of KNHANES 2016 data
    Han-Gyo Choi, Hye-Jin Kim, Seok-Jung Kang
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    Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin
    Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1116.     CrossRef
  • Nutritional status and metabolic syndrome risk according to the dietary pattern of adult single-person household, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Yu Been Keum, Qi Ming Yu, Jung-Sook Seo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 23.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Eating Behavior and Healthy Eating Competency of Single-Person and Multi-Person Households by Age Group
    Seung-Hee Hong, Ji-Myung Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 337.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2020; 52(6): 671.     CrossRef
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    Jun-Hui Choi, Myung-Kon Kim, Soo-Hwan Yeo, Seung Kim
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    Seonglim Lee, Ilsook Choi, Junghoon Kim
    Family and Environment Research.2020; 58(4): 483.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Dietary Behavior of Eating Alone in Single Households by Status of Workers and Age
    Pil Kyoo Jo, Yu Jin Oh
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 408.     CrossRef
  • Home Meal Replacement Use and Eating Habits of Adults in One-Person Households
    Mi-Kyeong Choi, Eun-Sun Park, Mi-Hyun Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(6): 476.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the Nutrition Status and Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence of the Members according to the Number of Household Members based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014)
    Jin-Young Lee, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(3): 232.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development of Strategies to Improve the National Nutrition Survey System
Narae Yang, Seungmin Lee, Youngsuk Lim, Haeryun Park, Kirang Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(5):444-455.   Published online October 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.444
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The current survey environment is changing and participation rates in national nutrition surveys are decreasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop strategies for improving the nutrition survey system in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
To develop an alternative system for conducting the KNHANES nutritional survey, we conducted focus group interviews with stakeholders of the survey, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, and expert reviews. In addition, spatial analysis of potential sites for conducting surveys instead of relying on household visits was performed, and the perception of nutritional surveys in the population eligible for KNHANES was evaluated.
RESULTS
Based on the results of the focus group interviews, SWOT analysis, and expert reviews, we propose two options for survey sites: vehicles specifically prepared for nutritional surveys and public facilities such as community service centers or public health centers. Among public facilities, community service centers were found to be more appropriate sites than public health centers because they were considered more accessible. About 90% of respondents would participate in the survey in public facilities and about 74% would in vehicles.
CONCLUSIONS
Conducting national nutrition surveys in specially designed vehicles and public facilities could be a viable alternative to home visits. Next, the validity of these newly proposed nutrition survey methods needs to be compared to the results of the current national nutrition survey.
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[English]
Study of the Coverage of Nutrition Labeling System on the Nutrient Intake of Koreans - using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Ji Eun Park, Haeng Shin Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):116-127.   Published online April 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.116
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the coverage of the current mandatory nutrition labeling system on the nutrient intake of Koreans.
METHODS
KNHANES dietary intake data (2013) of 7,242 subjects were used in the analysis. KNHANES dietary intake data were collected by a 24-hour recall method by trained dietitians. For analysis, all food items consumed by the subjects were classified into two groups (foods with mandatory labeling and other foods). In the next step, all food items were reclassified into four groups according to the food type and nutrition labeling regulations: raw material food, processed food of raw material characteristics, processed foods without mandatory labeling, and processed foods with mandatory labeling. The intake of energy and five nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium) of subjects from each food group were analyzed to determine the coverage of the mandatory nutrition labeling system among the total nutrient intake of Koreans.
RESULTS
The average intake of foods with mandatory labeling were 384g/day, which was approximately one quarter of the total daily food intake (1,544 g/day). The proportion of energy and five nutrients intake from foods with mandatory labeling was 18.1%~47.4%. The average food intake from the 4 food groups were 745 g/day (48.3%) for the raw food materials, 54 g/day (3.5%) for the processed food of raw material characteristics, 391 g/day (25.3%) for the processed foods without mandatory labeling, and 354 g/day (22.9%) for the processed foods with mandatory labeling.
CONCLUSIONS
Although nutrition labeling is a useful tool for providing nutritional information to consumers, the coverage of current mandatory nutrition labeling system on daily nutrient intake of the Korean population is not high. To encourage informed choices and improve healthy eating habits of the Korean population, the nutrition labeling system should be expanded to include more food items and foodservice menus.
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[English]
Dietary Cholesterol Intake in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2013–2015)
Myungsook Park, Sanghui Kweon, Kyungwon Oh
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(6):520-528.   Published online December 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.520
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to assess the intake of dietary cholesterol and its major food sources in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
A total of 20,671 nationally representative sample who had 24-hour recall data from the KNHANES VI (2013–2015) was included in this study. Mean cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans were analyzed. Intakes of cholesterol by food groups or each food were calculated to find out the major food sources for cholesterol intake in Koreans.
RESULTS
The mean dietary cholesterol intake was 261.3 mg, which was higher in men (303.5 mg) compared to women (219.1 mg). Dietary cholesterol intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were the highest in the 19-29 year old group. The eggs was the first major food group source for cholesterol intake in all age groups. Major food sources for cholesterol intake among Korean were egg, chicken, pork, squid and beef, which contributed 66.9% to total cholesterol intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the mean dietary cholesterol intake was under 300 mg, the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs was about 30% in adults. Because both the mean intake and the prevalence of subjects with cholesterol intake over the Intake Goal of DRIs were higher in young adult groups, the dietary cholesterol intake was expected to be increased.

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  • Comparative Analysis of Egg Yolk Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Composition by Breeding Type in Ogye and White Leghorn
    Dain Lee, Eun-Ah Park, Ki-Teak Lee
    Korean Journal of Poultry Science.2025; 52(4): 357.     CrossRef
  • Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 20th anniversary: accomplishments and future directions
    Kyungwon Oh, Yoonjung Kim, Sanghui Kweon, Soyeon Kim, Sungha Yun, Suyeon Park, Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Youngtaek Kim, Ok Park, Eun Kyeong Jeong
    Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021025.     CrossRef
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[English]
The Factors Influencing the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Men : Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data
Hye Sang Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):136-144.   Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.136
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data.
METHODS
This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

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  • Significant association factors of bone mineral density in Taiwan adults
    Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Mei-Hua Chuang, Chun-Hung Lin, Shih-Chin Chou, Yuh-Feng Wang
    Tzu Chi Medical Journal.2020; 32(4): 367.     CrossRef
  • Bone Mineral Density as a Predictor of Atherogenic Indexes of Cardiovascular Disease, Especially in Nonobese Adults
    Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Jiunn-Wen Lin, Yuh-Feng Wang
    Disease Markers.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
  • Developing Customized Phantom for Korean Bone Density Using 3D Printing
    Junho Lee, Kwan-Yong Choi, Jae-Ho Choi
    Journal of Radiological Science and Technology.2019; 42(3): 223.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development of a Dietary Fiber Composition Table and Intakes of Dietary Fiber in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Soyeong Yeon, Kyungwon Oh, Sanghui Kweon, Taisun Hyun
Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(3):293-300.   Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.3.293
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to develop a dietary fiber composition table (DFCT) and to assess dietary fiber intakes in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
METHODS
The DFCT was developed by compiling the food composition tables published by the agencies of Korea, United States, or Japan. When there was no available data from the same species or status (dried, boiled, etc.) of food, the values were imputed by estimating from the same species with different status or substituting familiar species in biosystematic grouping. Using KNHANES VI-2 (2014) microdata and DFCT, intake of dietary fiber of Koreans was estimated.
RESULTS
Among the 5,126 food items of DFCT, the proportion of items of which dietary fiber contents were taken from the analytical values of the same foods was 40.9%. The data from the domestic food composition tables was 37.5%, and the data from the foreign tables was 49.6%. The rest was assumed as zero, or estimated with recipe database and nutrition labeling. Mean daily intake of dietary fiber was 23.2 g, and mean intake per 1,000 kcal was 10.7 g in men and 12.6 g in women. The mean percentage of dietary fiber intake compared to adequate intake was higher than 100%. The major food groups contributing to dietary fiber intakes were vegetables and cereals, and the percent contribution were 32.9% and 23.0% of total dietary fiber intakes, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This DFCT could serve as a useful database for assessing dietary fiber intakes and for investigating the association between dietary fiber intakes and non-communicable diseases.

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    Nutrients.2025; 17(23): 3652.     CrossRef
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    Min-Sook Kang, Kyeong-A Jang, Haeng-Ran Kim, SuJin Song
    Nutrients.2024; 16(1): 158.     CrossRef
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    Jinyoung Kim, Da Young Jung, Jin-Hee Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Hyeon Woo Yim, Su-Jin Moon
    Nutrition & Metabolism.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jin A Sohn, Ju Young Chang, Sohee Oh, Jeana Hong
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    Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021025.     CrossRef
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    Kevin Burke Miller
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    Heesoo Moon, Kyungho Ha, YoonJu Song
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  • Designing optimized food intake patterns for Korean adults using linear programming (I): analysis of data from the 2010~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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    Sohee Jeong, Heejeon Park, Malshick Shin, Chul Su Park, Ji-Young Song
    Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(4): 387.     CrossRef
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The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012
Hye Sang Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(5):479-489.   Published online October 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.479
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study intended to determine significant factors that influence the health-related quality of life ("HRQoL"; EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life (EQ_5D) & EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ_VAS)) of the elderly in Korea.
METHODS
This study was based on 3,903 subjects aged 65 years or more who participated in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012. The HRQoL was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, health habits, mental health, chronic diseases, nutrient intakes). SPSS statistics for complex samples (Windows ver. 21.0) was used.
RESULTS
The HRQoL was higher in the males, those with higher educational level or higher income level while it was lower in those belong to single households. In particular, the EQ_5D was significantly higher in the group who reported walking practice, moderate physical activity (male), and the group who reported no vigorous physical activity (female). The EQ_VAS was significantly higher in the group who reported walking practice. Both EQ_5D and EQ_VAS were significantly lower in the group with stress, melancholy, suicidal thinking, and osteoarthritis. EQ_5D was significantly lower in the group with < 75% Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) in energy intake, and with < Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) in iron or niacin intake. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that i) higher educational level (male), and good self-rated health status significantly increased the EQ_5D, ii) age, alcohol intake (male), melancholy (female), suicidal thinking, osteoarthritis, and niacin intake deficiency (male) significantly decreased the EQ_5D, iii) higher income level (male) and good self-rated health status significantly increased the EQ_VAS, and iv) age (male), stress, suicidal thinking (female) and osteoarthritis significantly decreased the EQ_VAS.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that general characteristics, mental health, osteoarthritis, and niacin intake were associated with the HRQoL. Prospective research of long-term control is needed to establish the causal relationship between factors and the HRQoL.

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    Nutrients.2025; 17(11): 1933.     CrossRef
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    Environmental Health and Toxicology.2016; 31: e2016017.     CrossRef
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    Jong-Sook Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Kang Min Lee, Yoonna Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 200.     CrossRef
  • Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction
    Ha Jeong Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(3): 254.     CrossRef
  • Quality of Nutrient Adequacy and Health-related Quality of life of the Rural Elderly
    Mee Sook Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(6): 423.     CrossRef
  • Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly
    Eun Jin So, Hyojee Joung
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(4): 371.     CrossRef
  • Association between the number of existing permanent teeth and health-related quality of life (EuroQol-5 Dimension) among adults: findings from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2012
    Hye-Sun Shin, Hyun-Duck Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2015; 39(4): 303.     CrossRef
  • Weight Control Behaviors, Health-related Quality of Life and Nutritional Status by Overestimation of Body Image among Young Korean Females: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010-2011
    Seulki Park, Taisun Hyun, Hongmie Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 362.     CrossRef
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[English]
Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults
Areum Yu, Jihye Kim, Oran Kwon, Se Young Oh, Junghyun Kim, Yoon Jung Yang
Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):122-132.   Published online April 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults.
METHODS
Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research.
RESULTS
The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (> or = 20 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25 (OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk.dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Citations

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  • Discovering Vitamin-D-Deficiency-Associated Factors in Korean Adults Using KNHANES Data Based on an Integrated Analysis of Machine Learning and Statistical Techniques
    Hongryul Ahn, Seungwon Kim, Jinmyung Jung, Chan Park
    Nutrients.2025; 17(4): 618.     CrossRef
  • Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
    Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451.     CrossRef
  • Impacts of serum vitamin D levels on sleep and daytime sleepiness according to working conditions
    Hyuk Joo Lee, Hayun Choi, In-Young Yoon
    Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.2020; 16(7): 1045.     CrossRef
  • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive function in Korean older adults living in rural area
    Ye Som Shin, Bo Youl Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Yoon Jung Yang
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 465.     CrossRef
  • Vitamin D intake, serum 25OHD, and bone mineral density of Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)
    Mi-Yeon Kim, Mi-Ja Kim, Sun Yung Ly
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 437.     CrossRef
  • Relationship of vitamin D status and obesity index in Korean women
    Ji-Young Park, Young-Ran Heo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(1): 28.     CrossRef
  • The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
    Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197.     CrossRef
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[English]
Association of Food and Nutrient Intakes with Periodontitis by Smoking Status among Korean Adults
Sunghee Kim, Areum Yu, Yoon Jung Yang
Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(1):84-94.   Published online February 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.1.84
AbstractAbstract PDF
Periodontal disease is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases in the oral cavity, and this is the leading cause of loss of teeth. Studies on the association between diet and periodontal diseases are very limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between food and nutrient intakes and the prevalence of periodontitis. Subjects were 13,391 adults participating in the 2008-2010 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Periodontitis was diagnosed by dentists using the Community Periodontal Index. Nutrient intakes were estimated by the 24-hour dietary recall. Consumption frequencies of foods were from the food frequency questionnaire. Subjects were categorized into 'smoking' or 'non-smoking' groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the association between diet and periodontitis. The proportions of subjects having periodontitis were 26% in the non-smoking group and 37.5% in the smoking group. In the non-smoking group, intakes of fruits, dairy products, green tea, energy and vitamin C were inversely associated with the prevalence of periodontitis, but fish and coffee intakes were positively associated with the prevalence of periodontitis after adjusting for covariates. In the smoking group, protein and retinol intakes were inversely associated with the prevalence of periodontitis after adjusting for covariates. These results suggest that certain food and nutrient intakes such as fruits, dairy products, green tea, vitamin C, protein, or retinol intakes may affect the prevalence of periodontitis among Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings in other research settings.

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  • Association between consumption of milk and dairy products, calcium and riboflavin, and periodontitis in Korean adults: Using the 2007-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
    Sang Mi Koo, Deog-Gyu Seo, Yoon Jung Park, Ji-Yun Hwang
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(4): 258.     CrossRef
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[English]
A Study on Dietary Behaviors, Health-Related Lifestyle of Adult Visitors at Public Health Centers in Gyeonggi Urban Area
Jong Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Hyun Chang Seo, Yoonna Lee, Seunggeon Lim, Young Sug Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):611-625.   Published online December 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.611
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyles of adult visitors at a public health center in Gyeonggi urban area. A survey using questionnaire was conducted with 949 visitors at Seongnam public health centers from June to August, 2012. The data from 905 respondents were analyzed by gender, consisting of 322 males and 583 females, and age group, consisting of 243 low-age group (LA), 312 middle-age group (MA), 350 high-age group (HA), aged 20 to 30 years, 31 to 50 years, and 51 to 69 years, respectively. Average Body Mass Index was 23.0, which increased with age, and education level was high in LA. 59.0 percent of the subjects had various diseases, and the incidence of hypertension was the highest, followed by allergy, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, joint rheumatism. Incidence rates of chronic disease increased with age, which were lower than those from 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Weekly drinking frequency rate and smoking rate decreased with age, and exercise performing rate was high at male and HA, which showed the same tendency as KNHANES. Female and HA showed more healthy dietary behaviors such as restricting salt, sugar, oily foods, foods containing food additives, calorie, caring for balanced diet, and referring to nutrition label. Subjects chose stress as the first factor, followed by diet, exercise, etc., among 13 suggested factors which strongly influence on human's life-span. In general, public health center visitors, especially female and HA, showed better dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyles compared with KNHANES.

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  • Dietary Safety Management Awareness and Competency for Healthcare among Adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Areas
    Yunhwa Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 112.     CrossRef
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    Ji Suk Yim, Young Ran Heo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 488.     CrossRef
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[English]
The Relationship between High Energy/Low Nutrient Food Consumption and Obesity among Korean Children and Adolescents
Gyu Jin Heo, So Young Nam, Soo Kyung Lee, Sang Jin Chung, Ji hyun Yoon
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):226-242.   Published online April 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.226
AbstractAbstract PDF
Consumption of foods with high energy and low nutrient values has been linked to various health issues including obesity and chronic diseases. This study investigated the high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption status and its relationship with obesity status and intake of energy and nutrients, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2-18 year-olds was 8.4% and 10.8% in 2008 and 8.5% and 9.0% in 2009, respectively, in KNHANES. The prevalence of obesity among 12-18 year-olds was 13.9% in 2008 and 11.4% in 2009 in KNHANES, while it was 8.1% in 2008 and 8.2% in 2009 in KYRBWS. Consumption patterns of high-energy/low-nutrient foods were diverse depending on the particular food type. High-energy/low-nutrient foods such as cookies were most often consumed more frequently (2~3 times per week), but fast food type foods were generally consumed less frequently (once per week or less). No significant relationships between high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption and level of energy and nutrient intakes were found in either datasets. Adolescents who were not obese more frequently consumed ramen (p < 0.001), cookies (p < 0.001) and fast food (p < 0.001) than those who were obese in KYRBWS, however, such relationships were not found in KNHANES. This direction of the relationship could be probably attributed to the cross-sectional nature of the datasets. This study was limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data, therefore, further longitudinal research using various study techniques would be necessary to understand the effects of high-energy/low-nutrient foods on child obesity.

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    Han-Soo Kim, Min-A Kim, Yishan Duan, Seong-Ho Jang, Won-Ki Lee, Jae-Young Ryu
    Journal of Environmental Science International.2014; 23(6): 1021.     CrossRef
  • A Survey on the Calorie and Nutrient in Children-favored Food within Green Food Zone in Gwangju
    Yongshik Yang, Jungmi Seo, Sujin Mun, Taesun Kim, Bokyung Kim, Sooyeon Choi, Baesik Cho, Dongryong Ha, Eunsun Kim
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    Seon Woo Ahn, Mi-Kyung Choi
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(6): 983.     CrossRef
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[English]
Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Kirang Kim, Seo Ah Hong, Sung Ok Kwon, Bo Youl Choi, Ga Young Kim, Se Young Oh
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):771-781.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.771
AbstractAbstract PDF
The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of food security measures, which was developed based on the US household food security survey module (US HFSSM) with content validity in the Korean population. The reliability and validity were assessed by internal consistency, construct validity and criterion-related validity. The study included 446 households. Among those, 46.2% were households with children. The proportion of food insecure households was 33.3%. Among those, 35.4% and 64.6% households were food insecure with hunger and without hunger, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.84 and the infit value by the Rasch model analysis ranged from 0.68 to 1.43. The scale item response curves by food insecurity severity explained well the nature and characteristics of food security, indicating the highest proportion of "yes" for the items on diet quality, followed by those with diet quantity. The result of criterion-related validity showed that food insecurity status was significantly related in a dose-response manner with the household income level, food expenditure, subjective health state, subjects' educational level. Household food security status was also related to dietary diversity regarding protein foods, fruits and fruit juice, and milk and dairy product. These findings suggest that the food security instrument is reliable and valid and would be used to assess food security status in the Korean population.

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    Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Tobacco Control.2026; 35(1): 13.     CrossRef
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    Hee Joon Choi, Jae-Min Park, Youn Huh, Wonsock Kim, Jung Hwan Kim, Young Sik Kim, Seo Young Kang
    Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2026; 36(3): 104435.     CrossRef
  • The mediating role of food insecurity in the relationship between income poverty and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation: A nationwide study of Korean adults
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
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    Sukyoung Jung, Sohyun Park
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  • Association Between Food Insecurity and Poor Cardiovascular Health Assessed by the Life’s Essential 8 Metric: A Population-Based Study of Korean Adults
    Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
    Nutrients.2025; 17(13): 2148.     CrossRef
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    Sarang Jeong, Jin-Young Jeong, Sohyun Park
    Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024045.     CrossRef
  • Hazardous alcohol use is associated with food insecurity in adults living alone: Findings from a nationwide study in Korea
    Seong-Uk Baek, Yu-Min Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon, Jong-Uk Won
    Social Science & Medicine.2024; 362: 117468.     CrossRef
  • Factors Associated with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity and Its Relation to Food Insecurity in Korean Adults with Obesity
    Jimin Lee, Wonsock Kim, Jae-Min Park, Youn Huh, Jung Hwan Kim, Young Sik Kim, Seo Young Kang
    Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3833.     CrossRef
  • How does young adults’ dietary and health-related quality of life vary by food security and household income?
    Eun-kyung Kim, Yong-Seok Kwon, Sena Kim, Jin-Young Lee, Young Hee Park
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  • Food Security Status is not Associated with Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
    Jung Woo Lee, Woo-Kyoung Shin, Yookyung Kim
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    Hyun Ja Kim, Kyungwon Oh
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Major Sources of Sodium Intake of the Korean Population at Prepared Dish Level: Based on the KNHANES 2008 & 2009
Miyong Yon, Yoonna Lee, Dohee Kim, Jeeyeon Lee, Eunmi Koh, Eunjeong Nam, Hyehyung Shin, Baeg won Kang, Jong Wook Kim, Seok Heo, Hea young Cho, Cho il Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):473-487.   Published online August 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.473
AbstractAbstract PDF
We attempted to define the sources of sodium intake for the Korean population at prepared dish level to provide a basis for developing sustainable nutrition policies and feasible programs for sodium intake reduction. Dietary intake data from 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used in the analysis for sodium intake sources. Sodium intake from individual dish consumed by each subject was calculated and used in delineating major sodium sources at dish and dish group level for sub-populations of different sex and age. Also, sodium intake was compared between eaters and non-eaters of some specific dish groups with considerable contribution to total sodium intake. The number of subjects included in the analysis was 18,022 and mean sodium intake was 4,600 mg/capita/day. Major sources of sodium intake at dish group level were in the following order: kimchi (1125 mg, 24.5%), noodles (572 mg, 12.4%), soups (488 mg, 10.6%), stews (399 mg, 8.7%), and cooked rice (284 mg, 6.2%). The magnitude of contribution to total sodium intake by soups and stews was different by age group. Sodium intake difference between eaters and non-eaters was much larger for kimchi group (2,343 mg for male, 1,452 mg for female) than for soups or stews. Interaction between consumption of aforementioned specific dish groups and age was highly significant (p < 0.0005) for both sexes. This study revealed an importance of having not only the control over sodium content of foods/dishes, but also the customized approach for different groups of population to accomplish an appreciable reduction in sodium intake.

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[English]
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Hypertension in Korean Adolescents: Based on 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Killye Kim, Sook Mee Son, Hye Kyeong Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):439-453.   Published online August 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.439
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was performed to determine dietary and lifestyle factors associated with hypertension in Korean adolescents. Study subjects were 12~19 years (n = 521) adolescents who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III). Subjects were divided into the hypertensive group (HG, n = 102) and normotensive group (NG, n = 419) by '2007 Korean children and adolescents growth standard' and the relationships between blood pressure and physical measurement, nutrients intakes, eating behaviors and health related factors were analyzed. HG showed significantly higher levels in weight, waist circumference and BMI than NG. The amount of nutrient intakes was not different between NG and HG. Index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphate was higher in HG compared with NG. In both male and female HG, INQ for iron was higher but INQ for vitamin B1 was lower than NG. HG revealed higher consumption frequencies of snack, yoghurt, and ice cream compared with NG. In eating and behavioral factors, 'dinner with family', 'eat proper amount', 'keep Korean traditional diet', alcohol drinking, and mean alcohol intake were significantly different between the two groups. By logistic regression method, risk factors for hypertension revealed in this study were gender (male), age (15~19 years), BMI (> or = 85 percentile), and not keeping Korean traditional diet. These results suggest that education program for hypertension prevention in adolescents should include eating habits improvement and lifestyle modification as well as weight control.

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