Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
A Comparative Study of Job Stress, Satisfaction and Commitment of Cooking Employees in Hotel Kitchens with and without HACCP Systems: Kyung Cheon Min, Wan Soo Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(1):28-37. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.28

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to identify differences in job stress, satisfaction and commitment of cooking employees working in hotel kitchens with and without HACCP systems.
METHODS
Culinary employees of 12 five-star hotels were surveyed and 504 valid data were used for SPSS analysis. Sub factors of working environment factors (job stress, job satisfaction, and job commitment) were examined for analysis.
RESULTS
The results showed that hotels that implemented the HACCP system had significantly higher values for the five sub factors of employee job stress (job demand, relationship conflict, organizational system, lack of job autonomy, and job instability; p < 0.001). For the sub factors of job satisfaction (internal and external satisfaction) statistic showed a statistically significant value in hotels that did not implement the HACCP system (p < 0.001). Job attachment and job importance, which are sub factors of job commitment, showed no difference in relation to the implementation of HACCP system, and job responsibility showed a higher p-value in hotels that did not implement HACCP (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study indicate that culinary employees working at venues with HACCP systems have more job related stress, lower job satisfaction and partially less job commitment. Based on this outcome, venues that have already implemented or are planning to implement HACCP systems should consider the implications regarding their management of employees. Managerial policies that enhance autonomy, job stability, achievement, self-development, promotion, and compensation should also be implemented. Finally, meticulous attention and high investments into the work environment and human resources are necessary.

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[English]
Developing Food Safety Education Program for Employees at School Foodservice Implementing HACCP: Hye Yeon Lee, Hyun Joo Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):84-92. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.84

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to develop a food safety education program for school foodservice employees and evaluate its effectiveness.
METHODS
Food safety education programs were made into two levels; one for new employees in school foodservice and another for employees in charge of Critical Control Point (CCP) monitoring. The programs were for 40-minute-long lecture using PowerPoint. The effectiveness of these programs were assessed based on eleven evaluation items by school foodservice dieticians (n=30) and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) specialist (n=13). All statistical analyses are conducted by SPSS package program (ver 20.0).
RESULTS
According to the results of evaluating the food safety education program by dietitian and HACCP specialist, the overall satisfaction score was 4.14, evaluated by 5 point scale. There were no significant difference in results of evaluation between dieticians and HACCP specialists. The score of 'it is helpful to work' and 'pictures, images and charts are pertinent to study' were higher than others while the score of 'education contents is pleasant and interesting' and 'screen is pleasant and interesting' were the lowest among all evaluation items.
CONCLUSIONS
To increase the school foodservice quality, employees should be offered regular food safety education and training through effective education media including prerequisite program and HACCP manual for school foodservice.

Citations

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Perception on HACCP System of School Foodservices Dietitians in Chungbuk
Ji Hyeoun Im, Miao Miao Li, Young Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2019; 35(1): 57. CrossRef
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi
Young-Un An, Myung-Hee Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 234. CrossRef

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[English]
Factors Related to Sanitary Management Performance Based on HACCP System in School Foodservice: Seoul, Gyeonggi, Kangwon and Choongchung Areas in Korea: Gyoung Mi Kim, Sim Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):817-830. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to analysis the sanitary management performance based on HACCP system for school foodservice. This study was carried out from September 2008 until December 2008 and is targeted towards schools' dietitians that work at schools with school foodservice. The regional distribution of this research is as follows; 377 schools in Seoul, 648 schools in Gyeonggido, 160 schools in Kangwondo, 438 schools in Choongchungdo equaling 1,623 schools in total. When school foodservices were put through sanitation management achievement level analysis applied by the HACCP system, results displayed that management of temperature (3.96 points), time (4.08 points), and cross-contamination (4.07 points) were all below the average achievement level. HACCP system's achievement level based on the TQM showed that areas for strategy development, leadership, information and analysis had low achievement levels. Achievement levels for CCP are quality check, delivery/distribution process, sterilization/cleansing of food's contact surface. As a result of multiple regression analysis of the factors that influenced sanitation management achievement level of school foodservice HACCP system; sanitary job standard showed 35.6% and CCP achievement levels showed 26.8% explanatory rate. In particular, Kangwondo's number of foodservice provided to per cook was small. Also, the better the processing management was assessed, the higher the sanitary job standard achievement level became resulting to a explanatory rate of 39.5%. Elementary schools showed a higher explanatory rate of 37.0% than middle and high schools. CCP achievement levels in middle and high schools with self-operated foodservice had a 28.0% variable explanatory rate, which was the highest. The better the drainage system, leadership and assessments turned out to be, the higher the CCP achievement levels became. In summary, to revitalize HACCP system that is based on the TQM, it is considered that proper database of HACCP system for school foodservice's sanitation management be constructed and more emphasis should be put on strategy development to improve customers' satisfactory level. In addition, improvements in achievement levels of time, temperature, and cross-contamination for sanitary job standard and CCP achievement level are essential.

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[English]
A Study on the Sanitation Management Status and Barriers to HACCP System Implementation of School Foodservice Institutions in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Gyoung Mi Kim, Sim Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):405-417. Published online June 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of the study was to investigate the sanitation management status and implementation barriers of the HACCP system. A survey was conducted based on 760 schools through e-mail after having gone through phone interviews to dieticians in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas from December 2006 to March 2007. The following statistics were drawn out from the 459 surveys out of the 760, thus giving a response rate of 60.4% (N = 459). The statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS program. 92.6% of the respondents operated sanitary education once a month and 67.1% used internet as their sanitary educational source. 50.5% of the pre-preparation rooms were not divided and 78.0% of kitchen floors were always kept wet. Only 15.7% of the respondents used heat and cold insulators and 73.2% of drinking water was natural or purified water. 60.3% of food trays were electronically sterilized and 70.2% of spoons and chopsticks were sterilized by boiling water. The main cause of food-borne diseases was the lack of facilities and equipment (33.1%). Also, the deficiency of facilities and equipment (4.07 points) acted as an implementation barrier of the HACCP system. Compared to Gyeonggi or Incheon area results, Seoul's facilities and equipment (p < 0.001) and implementing barriers of the HACCP system (p < 0.001) results came out relatively high. After the analysis of the implementation barriers of the HACCP system, 91.7% of school principals said it was difficult to apply the HACCP system due to lack of financial support. In consideration to the school foodservice support, solutions for the facilities of school foodservice and a systematic sanitary education of the HACCP system must be made for the employees and everyone else who are related.

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[English]
Assessment of Food Safety Management Performance for School Food Service in the Seoul Area: Ji Hyun Lee, Yu Kyoung Goh, Ki Hwan Park, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):310-321. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: Effective and systematic sanitation management programs are necessary to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks in school foodservice operations. The purpose of this study was to identify the elements to improve in order to ensure the safety of school food service by evaluating sanitation management practices implemented under HACCP-based programs. The survey was designed to assess the level of hygiene practices of school food service by using an inspection checklist of food hygiene and safety. Fifty-four school foodservice establishments considered as poor sanitation practice groups from two year inspections by Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education were surveyed from September to December in 2005. Inspection checklists consisted of seven categories with 50 checkpoints; facilities and equipment management, personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, environmental sanitation management, HACCP system and safety management. Surveyed schools scored 68.0+/-12.42 points out of 100 on average. The average score (% of compliance) of each field was 10.7/20 (53.3%) for facilities and equipment management, 7.4/11 (67.2%) for personal hygiene, 7.4/11 (74.1%) for ingredient control, 22.4/32 (69.8%) for process control, 8.9/12 (73.8%) for environmental sanitation management, 4.2/7 (59.7%) for HACCP systems management, and 7.2/8 (89.7%) for safety management, respectively. The field to be improved first was the sanitation control of facilities and equipment. The elements to improve this category were unprofessional consultation for kitchen layout, improper compartment of the kitchen area, lacks of pest control, inadequate water supply, poor ventilation system, and insufficient hand-washing facilities. To elevate the overall performance level of sanitation management, prerequisite programs prior to HACCP plan implementation should be stressed on the school officials, specifically principals, for the integration of the system.

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[English]
Analysis for Internal Audit and External Audit of the Sanitation/Safety Management Performance for the School Foodservice in Gyeongbuk Area: Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(3):374-382. Published online June 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the characteristics of dietitians, the characteristics of school food services, equipment ratio of HACCP facility/equipment and perception of barriers to HACCP implementation on external and internal audit of food safety/sanitation management performance in school food service. An e-mail survey was conducted with 144 dietitians in Gyeongbuk Province. A response rate was 57.6% (N=83) and data was analyzed using SPSS windows (ver. 12.0). Dietitian perceived facilities/equipment-related and stakeholder-related as the big barriers in implementing a HACCP system. Total scores of sanitation/safety management performance for external and internal audit were similar at 92 and 91 out of 100, respectively. "Facilities/equipment" and "HACCP system" categories in both external and internal audit were rated the lowest. As dietitian perceived facilities/equipment-related (p<0.001) and stakeholder-related (p<0.05) barriers to HACCP implementation were greater, the scores of the external and internal audits were significantly lower. As dietitian perceived barriers for all categories were greater, the scores of internal audits were significantly lower (p<0.05). As a result of multiple regression analyses, the scores of the external audit was positively associated with career as a school food service dietitian, but was negatively associated with barriers related to facility/equipment, while the scores of the internal audit was negatively associated with barriers related to facility/equipment and employees. This study suggests that supporting programs on securing the facilities/equipment and employee training are needed for successful HACCP implementation in school food service.

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[English]
Study on Hygiene Knowledge and Recognition on Job Performance Levels for HACCP Application for Employees at Contract Foodservices: Hye Kyung Moon, Jam Ok Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(1):71-82. Published online February 28, 2003

Abstract PDF: In this study, hygiene knowledge and recognition on job performance levels of foodservice employees at different degrees of HACCP application had been compared. As for the comparison of hygiene knowledge for HACCP application, foodservice employees at "Appointed" showed significantly higher HACCP knowledge (p < 0.01). As for recognition on job performance levels, this status also assured the significant difference between the comparison groups (p < 0.01): "Appointed" showed the highest point of 4.24 while "Voluntary applying" and "Non-applying" showed 3.39 and 2.53 respectively. The "Appointed" group showed the well performance of most of the surveyed items. "Voluntary applying" group showed unsatisfactory performance in various log recordings and some part of surveyed items. As for "Non-applying", many items were performed under the average score as they do not apply HACCP.

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[English]
Current Information and Sanitaion Status of Professional Catering Companies: Whachun Yoo; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):253-262. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: A survey was performed to provide current information on professional catering companies. Twenty-three catering companies out of thirty-eight(60% recovery) responded the survey for December in 1998. Foodservice establishments managed by 16 small-middle sized catering companies provided an average of 11,200 meals daily, while those managed by major and small-middle sized catering companies were mainly office(72.2%, 57.1%) and school foodservice(15.2%, 26%). The rates of sales of major catering companies and small-middle sized catering companies increased 24%, 30% respectively in 1998. Self-evaluation in catering companies was conducted for sanitary management. Unsatisfactory results from self evaluation were found in three categories, such as, measurement of internal temperature of food materials at reception, ventilation system in the working area, and hand-washing stations with equipment cleaning and sanitizing facilities in front of the working area. Most catering companies expressed a willingness to apply the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system from this survey. "Professional catering business has arisen as an area requiring more consideration and further study for the production of a safe food."

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[English]
Perceived Performance of Sanitary Management of School Food Service Managers in the Seoul Area: Yu Kyeong Chong, Tong Kyung Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(1):100-108. Published online March 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: Seven constructs of sanitary management :time temperature, storage, cross-contamination, personal hygiene, equipment facility and documentation management were evaluated to investigate the perceived performance of sanitary management for school food service managers, Using a four-part questionnaire containing the seven constructs of sanitary management HACCP program, demographic information and characteristics of food service facilities participants rated their self-perceptions regarding sanitary management. Of the 550 possible respondents, 248(45.1%) completed the study. For the perceived sanitary manage-ment variables, the participants rated them between 2.66 and 4.16(5-point Likert scale). Temperature management presented the lowest performances while storage management showed the highest. The number of years of work experience of the food service managers and the serving location correlated significantly to sanitary management variables. Documentation management was also highly correlated to the other sanitary management constructs. The respondents ranked the managers leadership and professional knowledge regrading HACCP as most important, followed by the facilitys supporting equipment and human resources second, to successfully implement the HACCP system at the school food service facilites, Awareness of this study indicating low performance on temperature management suggests an active training program is needed for sanitary management of school food service.

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[English]
Development of the Computer-Assisted HACCP System Program and Developing HACCP-Based Evaluation Tools of Sanitation for Institutional Foodservice Operations: Jaung Sook Lee, Hee Jung Hong, Tong Kyung Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):655-667. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The Computer-assisted Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP) program has been developed for a systematic implementation of HACCP principles in identifying, assessing and controlling hazards in institutional foodservics operations. The HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool has been developed, based on the results of the computerized assisted HACCP program in 4 service sites of C contracted foodservice company, including 2 general hospitals with 650-beds, one office operation of 400 meals per day, and one factory foodservice of 1,000 meals per day. All database files and processing programs were created by using Unify Vision tool with Windows 95 of user environments. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. This program consists of the pre-stage for HACCP study and the implementation stage of the HACCP system. 1) The pre-stage for HACCP study includes the selection of menu items, the development of the HACCP recipe, the construction of product flow diagrams, and printing the HACCP recipes and product flow diagrams. 2) The implementation of the HACCP system includes the identification of microbiological hazards, the determination of critical control points based on the decision tree base files. 3) The HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool consisted of 3 dimensions of time-temperature relationship, personal hygiene, and equipment-facility sanitation. The Cronbach's alphas calculation indicated that the tool was reliable. The results showed that the focus groups rated the mean of importance in time-temperature relationship, personal hygiene, and equipment-facility sanitation as 4.57, 4.59 and 4.55 respectively. Based on the results, this HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool was considered as an effective tool for assuring product quality. This program will assist foodservice managers to encourage a standardized approach in the HACCP study and to maintain a systematic approach for ensuring that the HACCP principles are applied correctly.

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