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Research Article
[English]
Eating Out Status according to Skipping and Type of Breakfast among Male High School Students in Incheon
Eun-Jin Choi, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):102-111.   Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.102
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The frequency of eating out among adolescents seems to be connected to a high rate of skipping breakfast and be interrelated to various nutritional problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary habits of breakfast and eating out and investigate their relationships in male adolescents.
Methods
This study conducted a cross-sectional survey. Dietary habits and eating out status were surveyed among 510 male students at a high school in Incheon and compared according to their breakfast skipping and breakfast type.
Results
The percentages of subjects in the breakfast skipping group and breakfast group were 41.0% and 59.0%, respectively, and the breakfast group comprised a Korean meal group (74%) and a convenience meal group (26%). In the breakfast skipping group, the percentage of subjects buying and eating snacks due to hunger was 39.7%. Reasons for eating breakfast among subjects who ate breakfast were because parents prepared breakfast (41.9%) and out of habit (31.5%) in the Korean meal group, in contrast to because parents prepared breakfast (36.7%) and due to hunger (29.1%) in the convenience meal group (P < 0.001). Breakfast preparer was mother (91.4%) in the Korean meal group, in contrast to mother (67.1%) and self (20.3%) in the convenience meal group (P < 0.001). A high proportion of the breakfast group woke up at 07~07:30 or 06:30-07, whereas a high proportion of the breakfast skipping group woke up at 07~07:30 or after 07:30, showing a significant difference according to breakfast skipping (P < 0.001). A high proportion of the breakfast group spent 10,000 won (32.5%) a week eating out while a high proportion of the breakfast skipping group spent 20,000 won or more (28.2%), showing a significant difference (P < 0.01).
Conclusions
About 40% of male high school students skipped breakfast and consumed snacks as a solution after breakfast skipping. The students who skipped breakfast spent more money on eating out. These results show that breakfast status may be related to eating out. Therefore, practical education on food choice and meal preparation along with regular breakfast instruction is needed in male adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Analytic Hierarchy Process approach to estimate weights of menu management in the school foodservice
    Hyo Bin Im, Seo Ha Lee, Hojin Lee, Lana Chung, Min A Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(3): 349.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Eating Out Behavior and the Status of Meal Delivery and Take-Out Consumption according to the Food-related Lifestyles of Adolescents : Using the Consumption Behavior Survey for Food in 2020
    Eun Jung Lee, Hyeon Min Yang, Yeong Ju Lee, Sun A Choi, Jeong Ok Rho
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(4): 284.     CrossRef
  • A prediction model for adolescents’ skipping breakfast using the CART algorithm for decision trees: 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 300.     CrossRef
  • Trends in Prevalence and the Differentials of Unhealthy Dietary Habits by Maternal Education Level among Korean Adolescents
    Yunseo Chung, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Bo Young Kim, Kyoung Ae Kong
    The Ewha Medical Journal.2021; 44(4): 133.     CrossRef
  • 1,936 View
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  • 4 Crossref
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Original Articles
[English]
Analysis of Dietary Behaviors, Food Consumption Frequency and Blood Clinical Indices by Residence Types of Female College Students in Seoul
Ru Zi Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):183-196.   Published online June 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.183
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
College is an important time for students to establish their identity as an independent subjects and develop a foundation to maintain a healthy adulthood. However, after female students become college students, their eating habits are likely to become more irregular and they may experience various health problems because of excessive weight control. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the dietary behaviors and blood clinical indices of female college students by residence types.
METHODS
A total of 374 subjects were classified as home group, self-boarding group or boarding group according to residence type. Dietary habits, frequency of food intake, and eating attitudes were examined through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were analyzed.
RESULTS
The meal most frequently skipped by female college students was breakfast, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was significantly lower in the home group than other groups. Most college students recognized that their eating habits had worsened since becoming college students, with the self-boarding group in particular feeling that their eating habits changed negatively. The consumption frequencies of protein foods, fruits, dairy products, seaweed, and fatty meats were significantly lower in the self-boarding group than other groups. The home group ate food cut into smaller pieces, while the self-boarding group tried new and rich foods. Residence types did not affect blood clinical indices.
CONCLUSIONS
The self-boarding group had inadequate dietary habits compared to the home group. Although residence type did not affect the blood clinical indices, the students still had poor dietary habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is needed to improve the nutritional status of college students, especially those that self-board.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Differences in Nutritional Status According to the Residence Types among University Students in Gwangju
    Geum-Bi Ryu, Young-Ran Heo
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 53(2): 207.     CrossRef
  • Usage and Quality Satisfaction of Convenience Food at Convenience Stores according to the Eating Behavior of University Students in Southern Gyeonggi Province
    Se-In Oh, Ok-Sun Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(6): 492.     CrossRef
  • Beliefs, self-efficacy, subjective norms, and eating behaviors according to the breakfast frequency among female university students in South Korea
    Hye Jin Kim, Kyung Won Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1170.     CrossRef
  • A Franchise Hamburger Menu for University Students Determined by Identifying Selection Attributes Using Conjoint Analysis
    Yu-Ni Choi, Sung-Suk Chung, Jeong-Ok Rho
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(4): 250.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Usage, Preference, and Satisfaction for Convenience Store Dessert among University Students in Chungbuk Area
    Go Eun Lee, Hye-In Yang, Yun-Jung Bae
    Journal of Biotechnology and Bioindustry.2021; 9: 63.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of consumption behaviors and development needs for the home meal replacement among Chinese college students studying abroad in Korea, Chinese college students in China, and Korean college students in Korea
    Mi Ae Bae, So Hyun Park, Siyao Cheng, Kyung Ja Chang
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(6): 747.     CrossRef
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  • 6 Crossref
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[English]
Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults
Jung Hyun Kim, Min Sook Kyung, Sung Hee Min, Myung Hee Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):488-495.   Published online December 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.488
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.
METHODS
The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20–29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30–49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk.
RESULTS
The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 ± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20–29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected.
CONCLUSIONS
This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
    Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225.     CrossRef
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[English]
Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students
Su Bin Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(5):431-443.   Published online October 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.431
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity.
METHODS
The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated.
RESULTS
The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A study on the perception of hand washing and health status in Korean adults
    Soohee Park
    Medicine.2021; 100(3): e24421.     CrossRef
  • Gender Differences and Relationships among Lifestyle and Reproductive Health in University Students
    Ju-Hee Nho, Hee Sun Kim
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(4): 446.     CrossRef
  • 1,480 View
  • 6 Download
  • 2 Crossref
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[English]
Analysis of Korean Dietary Life Adaptation of Married Female Immigrants
Jeong Sook Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):103-114.   Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.103
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to investigate the married female immigrants' experience on Korean dietary life adaptation, especially identifying the symbolic meaning and nature of experiences.
METHODS
This study was conducted with six married female immigrants through an analysis of the qualitative materials which consisted of in-depth interviews, field notes and materials. Data was analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological research methods.
RESULTS
The results were deduced as 116 significant statements, 17 formulated meanings (sub-theme), and 6 theme clusters. Six theme clusters comprised of lack of preliminary knowledge and information, conflict and support in relationships, Korean food culture which is different from homeland, adaptation attitudes of Korean food culture according to situation, sharing of homeland food culture, and practical difficulty and expectative service. The participants started Korean life in the dark about Korea and Korean food culture, so they were subjected to trial and error. The conflict between Korean mother-in-law and foreign daughter-in-law came from lack of consideration of daughter-in-law's cultural background. Some participants were hurt because of misunderstanding and nitpicking. They were learning about cooking method, ingredient, seasoning, table setting and manner. Some participants integrated Korean food culture and their homeland food culture. Some of them assimilated with Korean food culture. One of them maintained homeland food culture. The participants who adapted Korean food culture well could share homeland food amicably. They sometimes didn't apply the services which were offered by the government, because the services did not fit their needs. Some of them didn't know the usage route of the services or information. They had resistance about home teaching and it showed that outreach service was not always effective.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that it is necessary to develop a practical support plan which covers married female immigrants' real needs and system improvement measures.
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[English]
Development of a Korean Food Culture Education Textbook for Married Female Immigrants
Jeong Sook Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(5):415-425.   Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.5.415
AbstractAbstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to develop a textbook of the integrated education of Korean food culture and language for married female immigrants.
METHODS
An analysis was conducted with the textbooks and researches for married female immigrants, and dietary life related contents were extracted. The contents were organized by activity oriented approach which is acquired the culture. The evaluation was conducted through depth interview with 6 married female immigrants through an analysis of the qualitative materials.
RESULTS
The text book comprised of 30 Korean food recipes with the target expressions and vocabularies. It also included Korean basic table setting, Korean table manner, main dishes and side dishes, basic cutting, seasoning and garnish, measure of the ingredients, symbolic food, regional food culture, choice of food ingredients, shopping, bargaining, taste expression, color expression, all sorts of spices, Korean traditional festival food, and seasonal customs and food. For intensifying communication, activity which is close to real life was added. Through cooking, married female immigrants expose words and sentence patterns and that allows to evaluate their level of understanding. We observed that the developed textbook is suited for married female immigrants' needs and cognitive level. The text book included a comparative study between Korean culture and their country's culture, which could provide the motive for accepting each other’s cultures. The study showed how to develop a textbook that integrates Korean language education and Korean food culture and how to apply the textbook in real life.
CONCLUSIONS
The correct understanding about Korean food culture could lead to improvements communication ability. Useful information which relates to Korean food, recipes, and food culture could increase daily life satisfaction. Conducting both cultural education and language education could increase the participation of married female immigrants in learning activities. Therefore this study could help these females to adapt Korean society and manage family dietary life effectively.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Analysis of Korean Dietary Life Adaptation of Married Female Immigrants
    Jeong-Sook Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 103.     CrossRef
  • 1,956 View
  • 0 Download
  • 1 Crossref
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[English]
The Effect of Obesity-Related Quality of Life on selecting a Goal for Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Patients
Min Young Chun
Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(4):281-290.   Published online August 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.4.281
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Obesity is known to influence physical and mental health as well as the general quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of obesity related quality of life on selecting a goal for weight management in overweight and obese female patients.
METHODS
A total of 140 overweight or obese (Body mass index 23 kg/m2) female outpatients aged > or = 20 and < or = 60 years from one clinic participated in this study. Patients' desired weight (goal weight, ideal weight, satisfactory weight, acceptable weight and disappointed weight) and obesity related quality of life measures were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of obesity related quality of life on goal weight reduction (%) and goal body mass index (BMI).
RESULTS
Mean BMI of overweight group, mild obesity group and severe obesity group were 62.0 +/- 4.8 kg, 68.5 +/- 5.5 kg and 83.5 +/- 9.6 kg, respectively. Mean weight loss expectations of the three groups were 16.4 +/- 4.7%, 19.5 +/- 5.3% and 30.2 +/- 6.8%, respectively and goal weight was significantly different among the three groups. Severe obesity group had a lower total quality of life score including physical, work-related, daily living domains than overweight or mild obesity groups. In univariate and multivariate regression analysis, psychosocial domain of quality of life had an effect on goal weight reduction (%) and goal BMI.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study demonstrated that the obese patients with poorer quality of life and psychosocial health tended to choose higher goal weight reduction and lower goal BMI.

Citations

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  • Search for Personalized Health and Beauty Care Using DTC Gene Analysis Data
    Esther Choi, Myoung-Joo Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology.2025; 31(1): 174.     CrossRef
  • Effect on 12-week Intensive Dietary and Exercise Program on Weight Reduction and Maintenance in Obese Women with Weight Cycling History
    Ha Nui Kwon, Sang-Seok Nam, Yoo Kyoung Park
    Clinical Nutrition Research.2017; 6(3): 183.     CrossRef
  • 1,455 View
  • 10 Download
  • 2 Crossref
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[English]
Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants' Dietary Life after Immigration to Korea : Comparison between Han-Chinese and Korean-Chinese
Kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si Hyun Ryu
Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):317-327.   Published online August 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.317
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate Chinese female marriage immigrants' dietary life after immigration to Korea, focusing on comparison between Han-Chinese (traditional Chinese) and Korean-Chinese (Chinese of Korean descent).
METHODS
An in-person survey was conducted with women married to Korean men, having one child or more aged 1-6 years old, and having resided in Korea for at least one year before the survey. The data were collected from the 309 respondents comprising 151 Han-Chinese and 158 Korean-Chinese in the summer of 2013.
RESULTS
Overall, there was no significant difference in dietary practice, dietary acculturation, dietary behavior, dietary habits, and food intake between the Han-Chinese and the Korean-Chinese respondents. Over 50% of the respondents ate Korean food every day. The overall level of dietary acculturation was about 3.5 out of 5 points. The average score of healthy dietary behavior was a little bit higher than 3 out of 5 points. Approximately 3/4 of the respondents showed increasing frequency of eating out. The respondents reporting increase food diversity were over 70%. Decreased frequency of skipping meal was about 60% of the respondents. Over 50% of the respondents showed increasing consumption of Kimchi, vegetables, fruit, and meat.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary life of Korean-Chinese female marriage immigrants was similar to that of Han-Chinese female marriage immigrants after immigration to Korea. The results from this study suggest that not only Han-Chinese but also Korean-Chinese should be targeted in various diet-related acculturation support programs as important multicultural populations in Korea.

Citations

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  • Dietary acculturation and changes of Central Asian immigrant workers in South Korea by health perception
    EunJung Lee, Juyeon Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(3): 305.     CrossRef
  • Flavor principle as an implicit frame: Its effect on the acceptance of instant noodles in a cross-cultural context
    Meng Li, Seo-Jin Chung
    Food Quality and Preference.2021; 93: 104293.     CrossRef
  • Development and evaluation of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for marriage migrant women in multicultural families
    Jung-Hyun Kim, Oh Yoen Kim, Min June Lee, Eunju Park
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 76.     CrossRef
  • Consumption of Han-sik and its Association with Socioeconomic Status among Filipino Immigrant Women: the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL)
    Nayeon Kim, Minji Kang, Grace Abris, Sherlyn Mae P. Provido, Hyojee Joung, Sangmo Hong, Sung Hoon Yu, Chang Beom Lee, Jung Eun Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(6): 475.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Korean Dietary Life Adaptation of Married Female Immigrants
    Jeong-Sook Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 103.     CrossRef
  • Study on the change and acculturation of dietary pattern of Southeast Asian workers living in South Korea
    Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee, Seung-Joo Lee
    Appetite.2017; 117: 203.     CrossRef
  • Development of a Korean Food Culture Education Textbook for Married Female Immigrants
    Jeong-Sook Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(5): 415.     CrossRef
  • Dietary behaviors of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea
    Eun Ju Yang
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(3): 179.     CrossRef
  • Female Marriage Immigrants’ Information Awareness, Perception and Familiarity on Korean Food Culture by Personal Characteristics and Food Neophobia Degree
    Hee-sun Jeong, Ji-young Yoon
    Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(2): 233.     CrossRef
  • Food intake and nutritional status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea
    Eun Ju Yang, Jin Mo Khil
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(5): 358.     CrossRef
  • Acculturation and changes in dietary behavior and anthropometric measures among Chinese international students in South Korea
    Jounghee Lee, Ran-Ran Gao, Jung-Hee Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(3): 304.     CrossRef
  • Factors related to Korean Dietary Adaptation in Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants living in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
    Kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si-Hyun Ryu
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 234.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Eating Habits and Food Preference of Elementary School Children between Multi-cultural Families and Ordinary Families in Gyeongnam Province
    Joo Hee Lee, Seon Ok Jeong, Changim Kim
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(6): 973.     CrossRef
  • A Comparative Study of Dietary and Weight Control Behavior of Female College Students in Korea and China
    Li Song, Na Young An, Ho Kyung Ryu
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(4): 761.     CrossRef
  • Comparative Study on Dietary Life of Southeast Asian Workers Living in South Korea
    Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee
    Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(4): 422.     CrossRef
  • Korean Food Acculturation Phenomena of Married Immigrant Women and Their Children’s Eating Habits
    Jisun Lee, Solji Lee, Bokyung Ryu, Lana Chung
    Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(5): 545.     CrossRef
  • Japanese Female Marriage Immigrants' Dietary Life and Health-related Characteristics by Level of Dietary Adaptation after Immigration to Korea    
    kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si-Hyun Ryu
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(5): 765.     CrossRef
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  • 17 Crossref
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[English]
Nutrition Status of Elderly Female Patients in Long-term Care Hospital according to Meal Types and Eating Ability
Hyejin Ahn, Juhee Kang, Hongmie Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):187-197.   Published online April 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.187
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability.
METHODS
Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 (79.3 +/- 7.1 years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference.
RESULTS
The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin B2, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin B2, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

Citations

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  • Meal Patterns and Protein Food Utilization in Public and Private Geriatric Long-term Care Hospitals
    Ga-Eun Choi, Hye-Yeon Lee, Mi-Hyun Kim
    Clinical Nutrition Research.2025; 14(4): 260.     CrossRef
  • Nutritional status of Korean elderly with dementia in a long-term care facility in Hongseong
    Ji-Yeon Lee, Yeong-Soon Hyun, Hee-Seon Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(1): 32.     CrossRef
  • Effect of nutrition care process-based nutrition intervention on improvement of intake in the elderly in-patients with malnutrition
    Ji-Hyun Park, Min-Ji Kang, Jung-Sook Seo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(4): 307.     CrossRef
  • Eating Problems and Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients in Long-term Care Hospitals according to Whether They consume Foodservice Meals or Other Meals
    Yoo Ri Choi, Eun Young Yoon
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2017; 26(2): 145.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Health Status and Mini Nutritional Assessment according to Self-esteem of Elderly in Care Hospital    
    Eun-mi Kim, Jin Kwon
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(4): 631.     CrossRef
  • Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly
    Eun Jin So, Hyojee Joung
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(4): 371.     CrossRef
  • Serving Yaksun(Medicinal) Food Items at a Long-Term Senior Care Hospital and an Increase in the Food Intake of Elderly Inpatients
    Min-Jeong Kim, Hye-Sang Lee
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(2): 303.     CrossRef
  • Nutrition Status of Elderly Female Patients in Long-term Care Hospital according to Meal Types and Eating Ability
    Hyejin Ahn, Juhee Kang, Hongmie Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(2): 187.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Nutrition Management Status in Convalescent Hospitals Before and After Healthcare Accreditation Process
    Changhee Lee, Soo-Kyung Lee
    Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 199.     CrossRef
  • 1,388 View
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  • 9 Crossref
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[English]
Food Habits and Dietary Behavior Related to Using Processed Food among Male College Students Residing in Dormitory and Self-boarding in Gangwon
Mi Hyun Kim, Hyun Kim, Woo Keun Lee, Soon Joo Kim, Jee Young Yeon
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):372-385.   Published online August 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.372
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to examine food habits and dietary behavior related to using processed food among male college students residing in dormitory and self-boarding in Gangwon. A total of 344 students (dormitory group: 227, self-boarding group: 117) were surveyed from May to June of 2012. The results are summarized as follows: self-boarding group had a significantly higher frequency of skipping breakfast and lunch and frequency of out meal compared with the dormitory group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05 respectively). The self-boarding group had a significantly lower the score of 'eat vegetables and Kimchi at every meal' (p < 0.001) and 'eat a variety of food everyday' (p < 0.001) compared with the dormitory group. The self-boarding group had a significantly higher the preference for meat products (p < 0.05) and canned food (p < 0.01) for selecting processed food compared with the dormitory group. The consideration for selecting processed food was ranked by 'taste', 'price', 'expiration', 'appearance' and 'nutrition' in both dormitory and the self-boarding group. In the dormitory group, nutrition labels were identified certainly 2.6%, sometimes 12.8%, and rarely 17.2%. In the self-boarding group, nutrition labels were identified certainly 1.7%, sometimes 18.0%, and rarely 24.8%. The necessity of nutrition education was high in both dormitory group (51.6%) and the self-boarding group (62.4%). Therefore, development of an educational program and application of the information from nutrition labels for male college students, especially self-boarding students will be effective in improving dietary life in order to maintain healthy dietary habits.

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[English]
Assessment of Physical Activity Pattern, Activity Coefficient, Basal Metabolic Rate and Daily Energy Expenditure in Female University Students
Yoonji Park, Jung Hee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):45-54.   Published online February 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.45
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to investigate the physical activity pattern, activity coefficient, basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure of female university students. One-day activity diaries were collected from 95 female university students in Seoul. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. Subjects spent 7 hr 8min on sleeping, 6 hr 31min on studying, 2 hr 50min on physiological activity, 2 hr 3min on leisure, 2 hr 2min on walking and jogging, 1 hr 58 min on commuting and 22min on house chores. The activity coefficient of these subjects was 1.58. The comparison of body composition of subjects according to PAL showed that body weight, body fat mass, arm circumference and arm muscle circumference of physically active group were significantly higher than those of the sedentary group. BMR calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula and DRI formula and BMR measured by Inbody 720 was 1375 kcal, 1306 kcal and 1209 kcal, respectively. Total energy expenditure (TEE) examined by one-day activity diaries and calculated by H-B formula and estimated energy requirement (EER) formula in DRI was 2102.1 kcal, 2184.4 kcal, and 2164.5 kcal, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between TEE examined by one-day activity diaries and H-B TEE was 0.795 (p < 0.001) while that between TEE examined and DRI EER was 0.604 (p < 0.001). Overall data indicated that female university students seemed to be less active. Therefore it is recommended that universities develop good exercise programs for their students. Further studies are needed to generate more meaningful results with a larger sample size and using machine attached to the body, which are able to detect physical activity more accurately.

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  • Measurement of Energy Expenditure Through Treadmill-based Walking and Self-selected Hallway Walking of College Students - Using Indirect Calorimeter and Accelerometer
    Ye-Jin Kim, Cui-Sang Wang, Eun-Kyung Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(6): 520.     CrossRef
  • A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
    Hwa-Jae Lim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178.     CrossRef
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[English]
Diet-related Behaviors, Perception and Food Preferences of Multicultural Families with Vietnamese Wives
Jisun So, Sung Nim Han
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):589-602.   Published online October 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.589
AbstractAbstract PDF
The Korean society has gone through a dramatic change in its population, with rapidly increasing number of multicultural families through international marriages since 1990s. This study investigated the differences between multicultural families and Korean families in three areas related to dietary behaviors: diet-related behaviors and perception, and food preferences. A cross-sectional analysis was performed in 500 Koreans from Korean families and 104 couples from the multicultural families with Vietnamese wives. More subjects from multicultural families grew up in the countryside, received less education and also had lower income than the subjects from Korean families. Multicultural families ate traditional Korean meals more often at home and dined out less often than Korean families. The multicultural families focused more attention on nutritional aspects of their diets than Korean families. The Vietnamese wives in multicultural families favored Vietnamese foods but they rarely ate those foods in Korea despite an easy accessibility to Vietnamese ingredients. In conclusion, the multicultural families had more traditional Korean dietary patterns than Korean families, which could have been influenced by their socioeconomic factors. Further research with a quantitative analysis is needed in future studies to understand the effect of dietary patterns on nutritional status and quality of life in multicultural and Korean families.

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    Ulya Ardina, Su-In Yoon, Jin Ah Cho
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    Diana Iziiatullina, Jinyeon Shin, Aygul Akhmetova, Soojin Park
    Journal of Multimedia Information System.2022; 9(4): 327.     CrossRef
  • Development and evaluation of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for marriage migrant women in multicultural families
    Jung-Hyun Kim, Oh Yoen Kim, Min June Lee, Eunju Park
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 76.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Needs for Pregnancy and Postpartum Adaptation of Chinese Immigrant Women and Vietnamese Immigrant Women in South Korea
    Geum Hee Jeong, Kyung Won Kim, Sunghee Baik
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(1): 19.     CrossRef
  • Study on the change and acculturation of dietary pattern of Southeast Asian workers living in South Korea
    Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee, Seung-Joo Lee
    Appetite.2017; 117: 203.     CrossRef
  • A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Food Neophobia Scale and Korean Food Perception of Southeast Asian Workers Living in South Korea
    Kyung-Ran Lee, Eun Jung Lee
    Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2016; 31(2): 131.     CrossRef
  • Dietary behaviors of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea
    Eun Ju Yang
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(3): 179.     CrossRef
  • Dietary Behavior of Marriage Migrant Women according to Their Nationality in Multicultural Families
    Jung-Hyun Kim, Myung-Hee Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 53.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Sensory Properties for Chicken Meat Products in Multicultural Families
    Gye-Woong Kim, Hack-Youn Km
    Korean Journal of Poultry Science.2016; 43(3): 129.     CrossRef
  • Food intake and nutritional status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea
    Eun Ju Yang, Jin Mo Khil
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(5): 358.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Eating Habits and Food Preference of Elementary School Children between Multi-cultural Families and Ordinary Families in Gyeongnam Province
    Joo Hee Lee, Seon Ok Jeong, Changim Kim
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(6): 973.     CrossRef
  • Comparative Study on Dietary Life of Southeast Asian Workers Living in South Korea
    Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee
    Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(4): 422.     CrossRef
  • Factors related to Korean Dietary Adaptation in Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants living in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
    Kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si-Hyun Ryu
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 234.     CrossRef
  • Japanese Female Marriage Immigrants' Dietary Life and Health-related Characteristics by Level of Dietary Adaptation after Immigration to Korea    
    kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si-Hyun Ryu
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(5): 765.     CrossRef
  • Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants' Dietary Life after Immigration to Korea : Comparison between Han-Chinese and Korean-Chinese
    Kana Asano, Jihyun Yoon, Si-Hyun Ryu
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 317.     CrossRef
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A Study of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Food Sources according to Body Mass Index in Female College Students
Jee Young Yeon, Eun Young Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):429-439.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.429
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrients intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) according to body mass index (BMI) in female college students (n = 320). The study subjects were divided into 3 groups based on their body mass index, an underweight group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, n = 55), a normal group (18.5 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 23 kg/m2, n = 231), and an overweight group (23 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 34). The food and nutrition intake data obtained by administering a 3-day food record and were analyzed by using Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Body weights and BMI of the underweight group were 45.9 kg, 17.6 kg/m2, those of the normal group were 53.8 kg, 20.5 kg/m2, and those of overweight group were 62.6 kg, 23.8 kg/m2, respectively. The mean daily dietary GI of underweight, normal and overweight groups was 66.2, 65.8 and 66.5, respectively. These differences were statistically non-significant. The mean daily dietary GL of underweight, normal and overweight groups were 159.2, 149.4, and 148.9, respectively. The major food source of dietary GI and GL was rice in the three groups. Dietary GI and GL were not significantly correlated with obesity when adjusted for energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake.

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  • Utility of the Glycemic Index in Practical Diabetes Management
    Jung Hwa Lee
    The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2015; 16(2): 135.     CrossRef
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[English]
Evaluation of Nutrient Intake and Anthropometric Parameters related to Obesity in Korean Female Adolescents according to Dietary Diversity Score: From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007-2009
Yun Jung Bae
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):419-428.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.419
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrient intake and anthropometric parameters related to obesity in Korean female adolescents according to dietary diversity score. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The subjects were 770 female adolescents. Nutrient intakes, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) ) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS) were derived by using the data from the 24-recall method. The DDS was defined as the number of six food groups (cereals, meats, fruits, vegetables, dairy, fats and oils) consumed. The DVS was defined as the number of food items consumed. The average age of the subjects of the study was 15.02 years and the average height, weight, and BMI were 159.50 cm, 52.58 kg, 20.62 kg/m2, respectively. The energy and nutrients intakes, percent of the recommended intake for nutrients in DDS = 5~6 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Calcium and vitamin C INQ in DDS = 5~6 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The average DVS of the subjects was 29.33. The most frequent style of food pattern was CMDFVO (cereals, meats, dairy, fruits, vegetables, fats and oils) = 111011. In conclusion, in healthy Korean female adolescents, food diversity intake variety did beneficially affect the intakes of calcium and vitamin C. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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  • Evaluation of Dietary Nutrient Intake and Food Variety by Milk Consumption in Postmenopausal Korean Women: Data Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013～2015
    Ae Wha Ha, Woo Kyung Kim, Sun Hyo Kim
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(9): 912.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between dietary diversity score and general health in female students
    Azadeh AMINIANFAR, Fereydoun SIASSI, Mostafa QORBANI, Javad KARIMI, Gity SOTOUDEH, Yas KALIKIAS, Sanaz SOLTANI
    Minerva Pediatrics.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) and the Risk of Obesity in Male Adolescents: a Case-Control Study
    Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Samira Rastgoo, Saeid Doaei, Farhad Vahid, Hanieh Malmir, Narges Ashoori, Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi
    Biological Trace Element Research.2021; 199(5): 1701.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between dietary intakes and the double burden of malnutrition in adults of Malang, Indonesia: An exploratory study
    Soo Jin Lee, Ho Kyung Ryu
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2018; 12(5): 426.     CrossRef
  • Night eating status according to body mass index of Korean adolescents
    Mi-Kyeong Choi, Yu-Jin Cho, Myung-Hee Kim, Yun Jung Bae
    Nutrition & Food Science.2017; 47(1): 89.     CrossRef
  • Systematic Review on the Study of the Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in Korea: Dietary Risk Factors
    Eun Jeong Heo, Jae Eun Shim, Eun Young Yoon
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 191.     CrossRef
  • Development of NQ-A, Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents, to assess dietary quality and food behavior
    Hye-Young Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sehyug Kwon, Hae Rang Chung, Tong-Kyung Kwak, Myung-Hee Kang, Young-Sun Choi
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 142.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Diet Quality and Diversity according to Obesity Type among 19-64 year old Korean Adults
    Hyae Min Gu, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Yeong Eun Son
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(6): 545.     CrossRef
  • Effects of brown rice-vegetable school meal program on subjective health status, BMI and hematological parameters among high school students
    Kyoung-Ja Moon, Hye-Young Kim
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(11): 7385.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Traditional Korean Noodles through Energy Density and Diversity
    YoonKyoung Yang, SungOk Kim, Juhyeon Kim
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 732.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a Brown Rice and Vegetable Diet on the Defecation Conditions and Health Status of High School Students
    Hye Young Kim
    Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(1): 179.     CrossRef
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Evaluation of Dietary Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Selenium Intake in Female University Students
Yun Jung Bae, Mi Hyun Kim, Jee Young Yeon
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):146-155.   Published online April 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.146
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study aimed to measure and evaluate the intakes of four antioxidant trace elements, namely, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in 19-29y-old female university students in Korea. Diet data were collected by 3-day dietary records in 644 subjects. The mean age, height, weight and body mass index of the subjects were 20.08 years, 161.77 cm, 54.26 kg and 20.82 kg/m2, respectively. The mean, median and 25th-75th percentile intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in the subjects were 12.83 mg (12.40 mg, 9.59 to 15.34), 1.30 mg (1.27 mg, 1.00 to 1.57), 3.19 mg (3.12 mg, 2.45 to 3.86), and 50.90 microg (50.17 microg, 37.59 to 64.35), respectively. The proportion of subjects whose Mn intake was adequate or less was 62.89%, and the proportions of subjects whose Zn, Cu and Se intakes were at the estimated average requirements or less were 10.09, 4.97, and 39.60%, respectively. The major food group for dietary intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se was cereal, providing 8.55 mg (66.60%), 0.78 mg (59.93%), 2.09 mg (65.50%), and 16.83 microg (32.43%), respectively. Many female university students were deficient in Mn and Se compared with the dietary reference intakes. Therefore, except for cereal, it is required to consume a diet consisted of various food sources for increasing the intakes of antioxidant trace minerals, especially animal food groups.

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  • Dietary zinc intake and sources among Koreans: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
    Jee-Seon Shim, Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 257.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of selenium and zinc status in female collegiate athletes
    Okhee Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(2): 121.     CrossRef
  • Lower serum zinc levels are associated with unhealthy metabolic status in normal-weight adults: The 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    H.K. Yang, S.H. Lee, K. Han, B. Kang, S.Y. Lee, K.H. Yoon, H.S. Kwon, Y.M. Park
    Diabetes & Metabolism.2015; 41(4): 282.     CrossRef
  • Cytoprotective Effect of Zinc-Mediated Antioxidant Gene Expression on Cortisol-Induced Cytotoxicity
    Mi Ja Chung, Sung Hyun Kim, In Min Hwang
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(5): 649.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Repetitive using Lime Bordeaux Mixture in the Copper Concentration of the Soil and Ginseng Root
    Won-Kwon Jung, Deok-Jong Ahn, Jin-Kook Choi, Tae-Suk Ryu, Myeong-Hwan Jang, Tae-Ryong Kwon, Jun-Hong Park, Sang-Jo Park
    The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science.2014; 18(4): 404.     CrossRef
  • Dietary behavior and nutritional status among Chinese female college students residing in Korea
    Gaowei, Soyeon Kim, Namsoo Chang, Ki Nam Kim
    Korean Journal of Nutrition.2013; 46(2): 177.     CrossRef
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Vitamin A Intakes and Food Sources of Vitamin A in Female University Students
Jee Young Yeon, Yun Jung Bae
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(1):14-25.   Published online February 29, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.14
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily intake of vitamin A in Korean female university students. Vitamin A intake was estimated using an inconsecutive 3-day dietary intake survey from 481 young women. Vitamin A intake values were calculated based on the data in USDA database. Average age, height, and weight of the subjects were 20.05 years, 162.13 cm and 54.38 kg, respectively. The subject's average intake of energy was 1645.67 kcal. The mean vitamin A, retinol and beta carotene intakes were 908.35 +/- 863.18 ug retinol equivalent/day, 199.19 +/- 166.00 ug/day and 3872.59 +/- 4972.17 ug/day, respectively. The 21.83% of the subjects consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A. And subjects consumed 141.69% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for vitamin A. Food groups consumed with high vitamin A content in our subjects included vegetables (423.96 ug RE/day), potato and starches (213.64 ug RE/day), cereals (62.60 ug RE/day), eggs (55.17 ug RE/day) and milks (53.45 ug RE/day). The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, spinach, egg, and cereal, and the top 30 foods provided 89.57% of total vitamin A. Also animal-derived food provided 9.65% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, judging from RNI, the vitamin A intake of the Korean female university students in this study was generally adequate. The result of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies of vitamin A intake like assessment of vitamin A nutritional status or evaluation of carotenoid food sources in Korean young women.

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  • Content of Fat-Soluble Nutrients (Cholesterol, Retinol, and α-Tocopherol) in Different Parts of Poultry Meats according to Cooking Method
    Ji Hyun Lee, Hee Na Lee, Jung-Ah Shin, Ji Yeon Chun, Junsoo Lee, Ki-Teak Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(2): 234.     CrossRef
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Analysis on Stress and Dietary Attitudes of Male Employees
Mi Ae Lee, Eun Ju Lee, Hye Kyung Soh, Bong Soon Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(3):337-352.   Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.337
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to vitalize life through analysis on lifestyles, stress and dietary habits of male employees. For this study, questionnaire survey and physical measurements to examine BMI and waist circumference were performed with male employees in four companies located in Gyeongnam. Total 350 copies of the questionnaire were distributed and 327 ones were finally analyzed. The results of analysis on dietary life-related problems and stress were as follows. First, according to BMI, 56.9% were overweight and waist circumference recorded less than 90 cm in 90.5%. For lifestyles, 54.1%, 79.2%, 60.9% and 52.3% smoked, drank alcohol, didn't exercise and didn't sleep sufficiently. Second, for the correlation with job stress, the subjects graduating junior college or lower academic institution, production employees and sleeping insufficiently showed higher compared to the others. Analysis on the correlation with life stress found that conjugal relation stress was higher in alcohol-drinkers, the males not taking dietary supplements, those with a normal weight or more compared to underweight ones. Stress from relation with a child was higher aged 35~49 years than in those aged 20~34 years, and stress from economic life was higher aged less than 50 years, in those graduating junior colleges compared to those graduating colleges, in those sleeping insufficiently. Health life stress was found to be higher in those without religion compared to those with it such as Protestant Christianity and Catholicism, in alcohol drinkers and in those sleeping insufficiently and having a disease. Based on this, in order to improve the lifestyles and dietary habits and release stress effectively, practical nutrition education program should be carried out.

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    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 141.     CrossRef
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    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 611.     CrossRef
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Comparison of the Dietary Factors between Normal and Constipation Groups by Self-reported Constipation in Female College Students
Chae Rin Lee, Soon Kyung Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):23-36.   Published online February 28, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.23
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on dietary management of women's constipation. We estimated the prevalence of self reported constipation, bowel habits and foods & nutrients intake. The subjects were 169 female college students (normal = 92, constipation group = 77) aged 19 to 23 years. We conducted anthropometric measurements, an evacuation habits survey, and a dietary intake assessment for three days by a 24 hour recall method. The prevalence of self reported constipation was 46% (n = 77). Results showed that bowel habits (the difficulty of evacuation, the duration of evacuation and the feeling after evacuation) were significantly different between the two groups. Over 65% of constipation group used laxatives for constipation relief. Frequency of stress and deep sleeping were related with constipation. In daily food consumption and nutrients intake, there was not a significant difference between the groups. However in relation to bowel habits which factors influence constipation, the study showed that the intake of water, potatoes, kimchi, and fruits correlated with evacuation facility. Further, there were no findings in the difference of foods consumption and nutrients intake between the two groups. But some life style changes and food intakes (potato and kimchi) may be useful to improve constipation symptoms in young women.

Citations

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    Ho-Suk Kang, Inja Kim
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    Hye Jin Kim, A Reum Lee, Kyung Won Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(4): 332.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Life Style and Eating Habits Correlated with Constipation of Working Women in Kangwon Provicne
    Jeong-Sill Lee
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 581.     CrossRef
  • Actual Status of Constipation and Life Factors Affecting Constipation by Diagnosis of Rome in Female University Students in Korea
    Su-Jin Jung, Soo-Wan Chae, Hee-Sook Sohn, Sook-Bae Kim, Jeong-Ok Rho, Sang-Ho Baik, Myung-Hee Kang, Gun-Hee Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Hyun-Sook Kim, Eun-Ju Park, Young-Ran Heo, Youn-Soo Cha
    The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(5): 428.     CrossRef
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    Sun Hyo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2009; 42(4): 327.     CrossRef
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Effect of Two-year Course of Food and Nutrition on Improving Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes and Food Habits of Junior College Female Students
Hyun Joo Kang, Ki Won Byun
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):750-759.   Published online December 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of two-year course of food and nutrition on improving nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and food habits of junior college female students by questionnaires. The subjects were 108 college female students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition in Gyeonggi area. The results were as follows: There were no significant changes in the weights and BMI (Body Mass Index) after 2-yr course of food and nutrition. Nutrition knowledge (14.7 vs 16.3, p < 0.001) and dietary attitude (34.3 vs 35.8, p < 0.01) increased significantly after 2-yr course. However, no significant changes in food habit were observed. Among nutrition knowledge, the scores of functions (4.5 vs 5.2, p < 0.001) and understanding (6.7 vs 7.4, p < 0.01) of nutrients were significantly increased. The recognition of nutrition knowledge increased significantly (83.1 vs 95.7, p < 0.001). Among food habit, dietary habit (13.2 vs 12.5, p < 0.01) and health related habit (15.6 vs 14.6, p < 0.001) were significantly lowered after 2-yr course. The change in dietary attitudes showed significantly positive correlation with food habit changes (p < 0.05). These results showed that 2-yr course of Food and Nutrition had improved the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes. Therefore, providing the more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to students during their study period will be improved dietary attitudes and food habits.
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Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers
Myeong Ok Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Eunju Park, Kyung Hea Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):783-795.   Published online December 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: 44.4 +/- 7.8 yrs). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic (134.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the diastolic blood (87.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG (173.6 +/- 9.4 mg/dL) and fasting blood glucose (109.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dL) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.
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The Effect of Repeated Nutrition Education on Health Improvement Program by Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) Evaluation in Office Workers
Mi Jang, Hye Ryeon Kim, Myung Ok Hwang, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi, Yoo Kyoung Park
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):614-624.   Published online October 31, 2010
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-month nutrition education (First Time Intervention, FI) + additional 3-month nutrition education (Repeated Intervention, RI) which was performed after the 8-month follow-up. FI was conducted during 0-3 months and RI for 11-14 months. Ninety-two subjects completed FI program, and 38 out of 92 subjects who received FI finished the RI. Anthropometric data, dietary assessment (24hr recall) and fasting blood analysis were measured at 0 month, 3 months, 11 months and 14 months time points. After FI (3 mo), waist circumference, triglycerides, total cholesterol were significantly decreased. At 11 month follow-up, body weight, BMI, hip circumference, SBP, DBP were significantly rebounced and HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased. Therefore, the effect of short-term nutrition education was not being sustained. After the secondary nutrition intervention (14 mo), waist circumference and hip circumference were again significantly decreased. Total diet quality index-international (DQI-I) score was significantly increased in both FI group and RI group. The changes in DQI-I scores were significantly correlated with the changes in body weight (r = -0.129, p < 0.05) and counts of nutrition education (r = 0.159, p < 0.05), indicating that effective nutrition education helps improve the diet quality leading to a possible role in CVD prevention among male workers. Although a short-term intervention seems to be a success, the effect was not retained in this study. Therefore, we suggest incorporating nutrition education as a routine program for male worker at worksite.
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Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake by Food Frequency Questionnaire between Normal and Risk Groups according to the Bone Mineral Density of Female College Students Residing in Gangwon Area
Hye Ryeon Jeong, Sunju Yun, Mi Hyun Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):429-444.   Published online August 31, 2010
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score > or = 1) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.
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Effects of Frequent Eating-out and Breakfast Skipping on Body Mass Index and Nutrients Intake of Working Male Adults: Analysis of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey Data
Joung Won Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):789-797.   Published online December 31, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
In order to investigate the effects of frequent eating-out and breakfast skipping of working men on body mass index and nutrients intake status, working male adults aged 20 or over were selected (n = 1883) from the data of 2001 Korea national health and nutrition survey. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the eating-out frequency(high: once or more daily, low: less than once daily) and breakfast eating or not. Four groups were high eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 609), high eating-out with breakfast skipping (n = 192), low eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 877), and low eatingout with breakfast skipping (n = 205). High eating-out group showed higher body mass index (BMI) than low eating-out group, but the difference of BMI was disappeared when adjusted with age, residence region and family income. However high eating-out group in case of breakfast eating, compared with the low eating-out, showed higher intakes or densities of energy, fat, fat-energy% and higher ratio of energy-fat overintake, and also showed higher mean nutritional adequacy ratio and lower ratio of nutrients intake deficiency. Calcium, iron, vitamin A and C intakes were not affected by eating-out frequency, but were lowered by breakfast skipping. Breakfast skipping also decreased intake frequency of unprocessed cereals and increased those of ramyon and carbonated and alcoholic beverages. From the results frequent eating-out with breakfast eating caused increased intakes of energy and fat, but did not cause BMI increase. Breakfast skipping, but not eating-out, had negative influences on mineral and vitamin intakes. Accordingly good eating-out as well as breakfast eating should be exceedingly emphasized at nutrition education for the working males.
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Dietary Intakes and Eating Behaviors of Vietnamese Female Immigrants to Korea through Marriage and Korean Spouses and Correlations of Their Diets
Sun Hye Kim, Wha Young Kim, Ji Eun Lyu, Hye Won Chung, Ji Yun Hwang
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):22-30.   Published online February 28, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study aimed to examine nutritional status and similarities of diets between Vietnamese female immigrants and Korean spouses and dietary changes of Vietnamese females after immigration. Subjects were 608 couples visiting 13 medical centers for the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea from November 2006 to November 2007. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained and dietary intakes were assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Sixty-eight percent of wives answered there have been changes in their diets and consumptions of meats, fish, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits increased after immigration. Energy intakes of wives and spouses were 1491.7 kcal and 1788.8 kcal, respectively, showing most couples (80.1%) consumed less than the Korean estimated energy requirements. More than half of the couples were below the Korean estimated average requirements of zinc, vitamin B2, and folate. The correlation coefficients between couples ranged 0.15-0.38 for unadjusted, 0.22-0.35 for per 1000 kcal, and 0.21-0.40 for energyadjusted, respectively. The proportions of couples in the same quartiles of each nutrient intake and in the same answers of each question of Mini Dietary Assessment were about 30% across nutrients and around 50% across questions. The length of residence is related to similarities of nutrient intakes between couples: similarities decreased after 3 years of residence in Korea. In conclusion, nutritional intakes of inter-married couples were inadequate although wives reported that their dietary intakes increased after immigration. Inadequate nutrient intakes of wives were partly explained by similar diets between couples because these wives without enough adjustment to Korean culture were more likely to follow what their spouses ate. Findings from this study may be helpful to improve the nutritional status of inter-married couples and make policies and programs for them. A follow-up study should identify factors affecting inadequate nutritional status of intermarried couples and similarities of their diets.
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A Study of Nutritional Intakes, Food Preference and Blood Composition in Female College Students with Premenstrual Syndrome
Ju Youn Kim, Hong Seok Ahn
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):565-572.   Published online August 31, 2008
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This study was performed to investigate nutritional intakes and preference food and blood composition of female college students of premenstrual syndrome. Based on physical measurement test results, both groups showed no noticeable difference and both groups were within the normal range according to body composition analysis. In terms of nutrients consumption, results showed nutritional intakes more than EAR (estimated average requirements) included phosphorus > vitamin B6>vitamin B1, while nutritional intakes less than EAR were vitamin A > vitamin B2> calcium > folic acid. A significant difference was observed for vitamin C intake (p < 0.05). The overall mean values of basic blood (WBC, RBC, Hct, and Hb), sex hormone (Estrogen, Progesterone), aldosterone, cortisol, Cu, Zn, and Ca, Mg indices in female college students were within the normal range and there was no significant difference between the PMS group and the Normal group. In conclusion, vitamin C intake of the PMS group showed a level of 84.8% EAR. Therefore vitamin C supplement can be beneficial to relieve the PMS Syndrome.
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A Survey of Female College Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding
Hyun Kyo Lee, Yong Song, Nam Mi Kang
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):367-373.   Published online June 30, 2008
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Breastfeeding is an ideal approach for physical and emotional development of babies, as well as recovery of mothers. A breastfeeding education for female students seems to be an effective intervention to increase the Korean women breastfeeding rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and other related breastfeeding variables for developing a design for a pre-parental breastfeeding educational information for Korean female students of childbearing age. The sample consisted of 205 Korean female college students, ranging in age from 20 to 25 years old. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire included 6 pages with close-ended multiple-choice questions, and included a cover page with 15 questions on demographic characteristics and personal experiences related to breastfeeding. Data analysis was done utilizing inferential statistics using SPSS 12.0 computer program. The findings indicated that breastfeeding education programs should focus on the practical aspect of attitudes toward breastfeeding, and that educational information design should focus on the practical aspects of breastfeeding for all levels of students' education by nurses. Therefore, education for female college students seems to be an effective intervention to increase breastfeeding rate. This study is useful for descriptions of educational activities to help female students develop positive attitudes to breastfeed, to help these students have confidence toward breast-feeding in future by providing correct information and practical techniques on breastfeeding.
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Dietary and Non-dietary Factors Related to Bone Mineral Density in Female College Students
Ji Hye Lim, Hyun Sook Bae, Seung Min Lee, Hong Seok Ahn
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):418-425.   Published online June 30, 2008
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The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between bone mineral density (BMD) and dietary and nondietary factors in female college students. The BMD of the subjects (n = 38) was measured using DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) at lumbar spine and three femoral sites including femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter. Three-day 24-hour dietary recall data were collected from each subject to assess consumption levels of nutrients and food groups. The mean (+/- SD) values of age, age of menarche, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass, and % body fat of the subjects were 21.34 (+/- 1.73) years, 13.1 (+/- 1.2) years, 161.3 (+/- 5.0) cm, 53.7 (+/- 7.2) kg, 20.6 (+/- 2.6) kg/m2, 0.80 (+/- 0.04), 15.4 (+/- 4.4) kg, and 28.2 (+/- 4.7), respectively. The BMD values of lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle, and femoral trochanter as T-value were 1.150 +/- 0.13 g/cm2, 0.932 +/- 0.11 g/cm2, 0.850 +/- 0.13 g/cm2, and 0.721 +/- 0.10 g/cm2, respectively. The daily mean energy intake of the subjects was 1660.6 kcal. The intake levels of carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid were lower than the KDRIs, while those of fat, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin A, and vitamin B6 were higher than the KDRIs. Significantly negative correlation were detected between consumption of fat and oils and the BMD of all sites measured (p < 0.05). Potato and starch intake was negatively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck and word's triangle (p < 0.05). The intake of cereals was found to be negatively correlated to the BMD of ward's triangle (p < 0.05). There was also negative correlation of intake of soybeans and products with the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Weight and muscle mass were positively correlated to the BMD of both lumbar spine and femurs (p < 0.01). Significantly positive correlations between BMI, and fat mass and the BMD of lumbar spine were observed (p < 0.001). Additionally fat mass was positively correlated to the BMD of femoral neck. WHR and % body fat were positively correlated to the BMD of lumbar spine (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was found between a serum calcium level and the BMD of femoral neck (p < 0.05). In summary non-dietary factors generally showed significant correlations with the BMD of lumbar spine, while several dietary factors showed significant correlations with the BMD of femurs.
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The Comparative Study on Food Consumption Patterns, Dietary Behavior, and Nutrition Knowledge of Korean Professional Soccer Players and Non-athletic Males
Hye Kyeong Kim, Jong Sook Kwon, Chan Kim, Jun Ho Kim, Chul Hyun Kim, Kyung Min Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(2):164-175.   Published online April 30, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was performed to compare food consumption patterns, dietary behavior, and nutrition knowledge between Korean professional soccer players and the non-athletic males. Data were collected from 53 soccer players working for Korean professional soccer clubs and 44 non-athletic males, using self-administered questionnaires. There were significant differences in food consumption frequency between two groups. Meats and eggs, fishes and shellfishes, sea weeds were consumed more frequently by the soccer players. The frequency scores of foods rich in iron, calcium, and protein were also higher in the soccer players compared with the non-athletes. Meanwhile, the consumption of alcohol was more frequent in the non-athletes. As for the cooking method, the soccer players showed higher preference for steaming/parboiling and consumed raw vegetables and fruits more frequently than the non-athletic males (p < 0.05). The average scores of soccer players on nutrition knowledge for basic nutrition and athletic nutrition were lower than the respective values of the non-athletic males. However, the soccer players showed better eating behaviors and dietary habits compared with non-athletic males (p < 0.001). They had well-balanced, regular diet and good habits for chronic disease prevention. No significant relationship could be observed with respect to nutrition knowledge and nutritional behavior. Moreover, the experience of getting nutrition information did not affect either nutrition knowledge score or nutritional habits score, except that for habits of chronic disease prevention in non-athletes. Therefore, it is suggested that more effective and practical nutrition education program be needed for promoting healthy eating habits and improving nutritional status in young males.
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A Study on the Nutrition Knowledge and Nutritional Status of Food and Nutrition Major and Physical Science Major Female Students
Jung Mi Choi, Hye Bog Rha
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):24-33.   Published online February 29, 2008
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The purpose of this study is to examine the nutrition knowledge, characteristics related to, nutrient intakes, anthropometrics, biochemical indices of university female students by major (food and nutrition versus physical science). Data were taken from 120 university female students (60 from each major) and the results follows. The mean age of the subjects was 19.6 years old. Most of subjects responded that they were healthy; subjects majoring in physical science scored higher in regular exercise (p < 0.01) and were more satisfied with their own body figures (p < 0.01), compared with the counterparts. The total nutrition knowledge score was 81.01 +/- 12.3 for food and nutrition majors and 72.5 +/- 15.2 points for physical science majors. (p < 0.01) The percentages of body fat were significantly higher in the food and nutrition students than the counterparts. (p < 0.001) The result of biochemical analysis showed that both groups were in normal range. But there was some statistically significant difference between groups in GTP, HDL-cholesterol and ALP levels. It suggests that regular exercise might have a positive effect on the body. This study showed that although both groups had different knowledge of nutrition, there was not much difference in the intakes of nutrients. But especially, the intakes of calcium and iron were quite low in both groups. Subjects majoring in Physical science had more lipid intake, but they had lower body fat. This suggests that regular exercise in this group might have effects on the percentages of body fat. In future study, nutrition education might be planned to increase nutrition knowledge and to connect nutrition knowledge to eating behaviors and to promote health to regular exercise. Also, the desire and the social perception for pursuing alean body figure and being underweight should be changed for optimal health
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Effects of Worksite Nutrition Counseling for Health Promotion; Twelve-Weeks of Nutrition Counseling Has Positive Effect on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Male Workers
Mi Sun Lee, Hae Jin Kang, Hye Sun Oh, Yun Mi Paek, Ryo Won Choue, Yoo Kyoung Park, Tae In Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):46-61.   Published online February 29, 2008
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutrition counseling on improving metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factors. Sixty-eight subjects were grouped according to their numbers of MS risk factors. Subjects who have three or more risk factors of MS were defined as "High risk", subjects who have two risk factors of MS were defined as "low risk", and subjects who have below two risk factors of MS were defined as "no risk" group. All groups finished nutrition counseling every three weeks for 12 weeks. Anthropometric, dietary assessments (24 hr-recall) and blood samples were measured at 0 and 12 weeks nutrition counseling. After 12 weeks of intervention, anthropometric data (weight, BMI, body fat (%), and waist/hip ratio) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all groups. Daily consumption of calorie was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the group of low risk and high risk. Blood level of fasting plasma glucose was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all groups after 12 weeks of intervention. Significantly, the fasting plasma glucose level was returned to normal range in the high risk group. The number of people who have three or more risk factors of MS (high risk group) was decreased from 25 to 12. Sum of MS Criteria decreased from 85 to 52 in the group of MS and decreased from 143 to 99 in all groups. These results indicate that nutrition counseling for male workers at the worksite proved to be helpful by reducing the risk factors of MS and thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Continuing and systematic nutritional management programs should be developed and implemented for male workers at the worksites.
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Food Intake Patterns and Blood Clinical Indices in Female College Students by HDL-cholesterol Levels
Ha Na Jung, Jung Hee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):100-110.   Published online February 29, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
Recently, a lot of epidemiological studies revealed that low HDL-cholesterol level was a better predictor of risk for coronary heart disease than total cholesterol. This study investigated the anthropometric parameters, clinical blood indices, and dietary factors influencing serum HDL-cholesterol level by using a cross-sectional study for Korean female college students. The subjects were 94 female college students. They were divided into three groups according to their serum HDL-cholesterol levels, low HDL-cholesterol (< 50 mg/dL, n = 20), medium HDL-cholesterol (50< or =, < 60 mg/dL, n = 39) high serum HDL-cholesterol groups (60< or = mg/dL, n = 35). This study examined their demographic data and dietary intake throughout a questionnaire. Clinical blood indices were measured using an automatic blood chemistry analyzer (Selectra E), after 12 hours of fasting. BMI, body weight, fat mass, and waist circumferences were significantly increased according to low serum HDL-cholesterol levels. Serum lipid analysis showed a significantly higher level of TG, LDL-/HDL-Ratio, atherogenic index in the low HDL-cholesterol group. Serum levels of GPT, uric acid and alkaline phosphatase in the low HDL-cholesterol group were significantly higher than in the other group. The average consumption of energy was 1627 kcal and 77.76% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The mean ratio of calories from carbohydrate : protein : fat was 57 : 15 : 28. The low HDL-cholesterol group was significantly higher than the other groups in eggs, fat and oils consumption. Interestingly, milk and diary products consumption of low HDL-cholesterol group was half (p < 0.05) of those of the other groups. In conclusion, serum HDL-cholesterol levels appeared to be decreased by increasing BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and serum TG level. In addition, some dietary factors seemed to be related to serum HDL-cholesterol levels. However, further research is needed to elucidate the exact relationship between serum HDL-cholesterol level and dietary factors.
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The Comparative Study on the Supplement Use Habits of Korean Professional Soccer Players and Non-Athletic Males
Hye Kyeong Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Chan Kim, Jun Ho Kim, hul Hyun Kim, Jong Sook Kwon
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):854-863.   Published online December 31, 2007
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was performed to compare nutritional supplementation habits for Korean professional soccer players with those for the non-athletic male adults. Information about prevalence and kinds of supplements taken, information sources, nutrition knowledge were collected. Data were obtained from 53 football players working for Korean professional football clubs and 44 non-athletic males, who answered a list of questionnaires which had been prepared in advance. The prevalence of supplement use in the soccer player group (96%) was strikingly higher than in the nonathletic male group (34%). Vitamins were taken most frequently, followed by red ginseng, multivitamin, Chinese medicine and amino acids supplements in the soccer player group, with each player taking 2.96 kinds of supplements in average. Multivitamin was the most popular supplement in the non-athletic male group. The major reason for taking supplements was not to feel and recover from fatigue in both groups. It appeared that the non-athletic males started to use supplements mostly by recommendation of friends or colleagues. Meanwhile, soccer players took supplements on their needs, with half of them (50.1%) provided with nutrition information. The most important information source was coaches for soccer players group, and mass media for the non-athletic male group. The average scores of soccer players group on basic nutrition and athletic nutrition were lower than the respective values of the non-athletic males. Among the soccer players, 68% had taken more than 3 kinds of supplements during the last year; nonetheless, more than half could not perceive the effectiveness of the supplements. Our results show that supplementation practices were widespread in soccer players, and suggest that nutrition education for proper use of supplements and overall health care is needed for soccer players.
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An Investigation of the Intake of the Health Improving Agents and Health Status by Male Workers in Chonnam Yeosu Industrial Area
Hae Kyung Lee, Bok Mi Jung
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):569-582.   Published online October 31, 2007
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This study was carried out to examine information regarding usage of health improving agents and health status of male workers in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. We obtained data by means of a questionnaire from 329 men. Of the subjects 44.7% were in their forties, high school education was 43.0%, married was 83.0% and 1,500~3,000 thousand won in monthly income was 35.8%. Average height and weight of the subjects was 171.8 +/-5.4 cm and 70.5 +/-8.1 kg. Average BMI was 23.8 +/-2.2. Drinking rate of respondents was 85.5%, the drinking rate of daily workers was significantly higher than rotation workers (p < 0.05). Rotation workers exercised more regularly than daily workers (p < 0.001). Subjective symptoms of the subjects always had eye problems (11.7%), shoulder aches (5.8%), ache in one's empty stomach (4.7%) in decreasing order. 21.4% of the subjects had a disease, and liver disease was the highest in the subjects; the second was cardio-vascular disease. Interval of health food intake was highly irregular (62.7% of respondents), and keeping healthy was the main motivation for the usage of health foods. Health improving agents included oriental medicine, animal protein based restorative foods, nutrition supplements, health supplements, and natural foods. 33.3% of the subjects took health supplements, nutrition supplements (29.1%), oriental medicine (20.6%), natural foods (16.7%) and animal protein based restorative foods (3.9%), in respective order. Health improving agents were consumed higher in liver disease than other diseases. This study suggests that nutritional education and monitoring should be implemented for industrial workers to prevent life-habit diseases and to keep proper self-management of health status under special environments.
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Using and Understanding of Nutrition Labels and Related Factors among Female Adults in the Seoul Area
Jayong Chung, Mi Jin Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):417-425.   Published online August 31, 2007
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The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of nutrition label use and its association with demographic, weight control related factors, and diet among female adults in the Seoul area. Also, the study subjects' comprehension of nutrition labels was examined using objective measures. 279 females, between ages of 20 and 49, participated in this study. 66% of the participants reported to always or often use nutrition labels when purchasing foods. Nutrition label use was significantly higher among participants who were interested in losing weight and have more knowledge on nutrition, but significantly lower among subjects who were underweight (p < 0.05). Label users had higher fruit consumption and lower intake of fatty foods and snacks (p < 0.01). Only 20% of participants answered correctly regarding questions about the total amount of calories and fats contained in the entire food package tested, and only 15% answered correctly on questions about understanding of the % daily value. Comprehension of nutrition labels were significantly lower among participants who were less educated, underweight, and married (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study suggests that proper use of nutrition labels may improve food choices and enable healthy dietary practices. Further efforts are needed to provide public a nutrition education program on how to read nutrition labels. Modifications of nutrition labels to make it easier to understand by the public should also be considered.
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A Study on Lifestyles, Dietary Habits, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary behaviors of Male University Students According to Residence Type
Jung Hyun Hwang, Hong Mie Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):381-395.   Published online August 31, 2007
AbstractAbstract PDF
For the purposes of participation in research projects, living in a laboratory has become popular among male university students who tend to have less opportunity for nutrition education and overestimate their own health, suggesting possibilities of many undesirable practices of lifestyle and dietary habits. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and compare health-related lifestyle practices, dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, food preference and dietary behaviors of the male university students according to residence type. The subjects were 260 (34, 15, 44, and 167, respectively for lab-living, self-boarding, dormitory and commuting) male engineering majors in the Gyeonggi area. Self-administered questionnaires consisted of general characteristics, health-related lifestyle practices, dietary habits, fast food consumption, nutrition knowledge, preference for foods and tastes, and selfexamination of dietary behaviors. Lab-living subjects showed many undesirable practices, particularly with more smokers (p < 0.05), irregular eating (p < 0.01), overeating (p < 0.05) and skipping breakfast (p < 0.01), compared to the dormitory students and more time in computer/TV usage (p < 0.05), overeating (p < 0.05), more frequent use of fastfood (p < 0.05), less nutrition knowledge (p < 0.01) and less intake of milk/dairy products (p < 0.01) and fruits (p < 0.01), compared to commuting subjects. More smokers (p < 0.05) and irregular (p < 0.01) and unrelaxed meal times (p < 0.05), compared to the dormitory group, and less intake of fruits (p < 0.01) and dietary fiber (p < 0.01), compared to the commuting group were shown as undesirable practices of the self-boarding group. Therefore, continuous effort should be made to correct undesirable health- and diet-related practices found in this study in order to improve nutritional status as well as general health by developing a nutrition education program and contents of lectures focusing on more specific problems according to each subgroup such as lab-living and self-boarding male university students.
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Weight Control and Associated Factors among Health-related Major Female College Students in Seoul
Jae Yeon Lim, Hye Bog Rha
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):247-258.   Published online June 30, 2007
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This study was conducted to investigate weight control status and associated factors among health-related major female college students. The subjects consisted of 41 nutrition and 78 physical exercise major female college students. Nutrient intakes, biochemical index, nutrition knowledge (recognition and accuracy), interest of weight control, body satisfaction, self-recognition of health condition, self-evaluated body weight were studied. About 73% of nutrition and 79% of physical exercise major female students were in the normal range of BMI (18.5~23) and 2% of nutrition and 1% of physical exercise major female students were underweight, 10% of nutrition and 6% of physical exercise major female students were obese. There were no significant differences in height and weight by major but %body fat and WHR in physical exercise majors were significantly lower than nutrition major students (respectively p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Overall, nutrition intakes of subjects were not shown to be appropriate, especially Ca/P of subjects was shown 0.54~0.64, fat% out of energy of subjects was shown 24.7~29.0 and Na intake was shown above 2000mg. Recognition and accuracy of nutrition were higher than those of physical exercise majors (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in self-recognition of health condition, self-evaluated body weight, satisfaction of body shape by major and weight control attempt. But interest of weight control of attempter was higher than that of no-attempter in nutrition (p < 0.05) and physical exercise major students (p < 0.01). Significantly negative correlation was found in satisfaction of body and BMI, body fat mass, %bodyfat, WHR. And significantly positive correlation was found in interest of weight control and BMI, %bodyfat, WHR. It was noticeable to see that interest of weight control was positively correlated to accuracy and accuracy was negatively correlated to blood cholesterol level. Therefore, proper nutrition education for female college students is needed in order to improve their weight control-related health.
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A stydy on Nutritional Status and Eating Behaviors of Underweight Adolescent Boys Using 2001 NHANS of Korea
Min kyung Kwon, Young sook Park
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):235-246.   Published online June 30, 2007
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This study was performed to identify nutritional status and eating behaviors of underweight male adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The subjects selected by using the data of KNHANS-2001 were 32 underweight boys and 135 normalweight ones. We found that weight, waist and hip circumference of the underweight group were significantly different to normal-weight group, but height and waist-hip ratio were not. Their serum indices belonged within normal ranges and showed no difference between the two groups. Their energy and nutrient intakes were mostly poor. The level and proportion of the subjects below EAR, NAR and INQ of each nutrient were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no difference of frequencies of skipping meals, snacking and eating-out between the two groups, either. When comparing frequencies of food intakes, the underweight group consumed significantly more of fermented fishes and less milk than the normal-weight group. And the former had significantly more rest/sleep, nodoes and supplementation and less regular excercise than the latter. The underweight group perceived more correct self-images than the normal-weight group and they tried more to increase their body weight during weight control practice (p < 0.001). It was concluded that the underweight group showed no different biochemical indices, nutrient intakes, and dietary behaviors to the normal-weight group, but they revealed significantly higher non-active activities like rest and supplementations.
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The Comparison in Daily Intake of Nutrients and Dietary Habits of College Students in Busan
Myung Soo Ko
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):259-271.   Published online June 30, 2007
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was 24.2 kg/m2 of male and 21.9 kg/m2 of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '2~3 times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p < 0.05). The eating rate was higher '10 ~20 min'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p < 0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3- 4 times/week' of female students (p < 0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p < 0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p < 0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1% for '1- 2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p < 0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '1~2 times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions through nutritional intervention.
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The Effects of Regular Exercise on Obesity Indices and Dietary Factors in Adult Males
Kang Ok Cho, Hyun Joo Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(2):160-167.   Published online April 30, 2007
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This study was performed to investigate the effects of regular exercise on dietary factors and obesity indices among 407 healthy adult males subjects. Subjects were classified into regular exercise group (REG) and irregular exercise group (IREG). Two hundred and thirteen subjects of REG excercised regularly 3 times (more than 30 minutes/time) per week during more than last 1 month or more. One hundred and ninety-four of IREG (n = 194) didn't regularly exercise during the last 1 month. Obesity indices were BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW (Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of REG were (22.1, 0.90 and 105.8) significantly lower than those of IREG (25.7, 0.98 and 117.7) respectively. The mean daily starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fish, milk, fats and processed food intakes of REG were significantly lower than those of IREG. And the mean daily vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IREG were significantly lower than REG. Energy intake of REG and IREG were 1968.2 kcal and 1978.9 kcal respectively. Vitamin C intake of IREG was significantly lower than REG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of REG were significantly lower than the IREG. Exercise regularity was positively related with obesity indices and dietary factors. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly to prevent obesity and cardiovascular disease in Korean adult males.
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Dietary Life and Eating-Out Style Related to Breakfast Frequency of Male Students in Culinary College
Sookhee Kim, Kyunghee Joung, Byoungsook Chae
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):13-24.   Published online February 28, 2007
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This study was to investigate dietary life and eating-out style related to breakfast frequency of male students in culinary college. This survey was conducted using questionnaires for 110 male students at college in Hongseung. Mean height and body weight of those we investigated was 174 cm and 70.5 kg. The one to two times per week breakfast eating group was 34.55%, which is exceedingly numerous; none per week breakfast eating group was 30%; three to four times per week breakfast eating group was 15.45%; everyday breakfast eating group was only 9.09%. The breakfast frequency was very low, and the not-eating breakfast problem is serious to think of in male college students. Mean weight, body fat and body mass index (BMI) of the everyday breakfast eating group was lower than the other group even it was not significant. The self-boarding house or dormitory living condition group was not eating breakfast was significant. So a correct dietary life and eating habit should be taught further for male college students. The smoking group was a significant low frequency of breakfast eating, as well as the lower frequency of breakfast, or worse recognition of self health condition. Higher frequency of breakfast showed more contentment of self body weight. Cooked rice was significantly the most preferable for breakfast. The lower breakfast frequency tended to eat breads or cereals. The lower frequency of breakfast, self recognition of eating rate as speedier was significant, and tended to have a higher frequency of eating-out because of being annoyed by cooking. The lower breakfast frequency ate out more. Twenty five percent of the everyday breakfast eating group ate out because of a special day, and thirty five percent of the not eating breakfast group did so because of being annoyed by cooking. Their mean dietary evaluation grade was under the normal grade, which means that culinary college male students?dietary lives were poor. The lower frequency of breakfast and lower grade of food life evaluation, indicates the importance of nutritional breakfasts education should be improved for male culinary college students also.
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A Study on the Relationship between Time Spent on Lunch and Degree of Obesity,Eating Habits in Culinary College Male Students
Sookhee Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(6):695-706.   Published online December 31, 2006
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This study was to investigate the relationship between time spent on lunch and degree of obesity, eating habits in culinary college male students. This survey was conducted using questionnaires for 106 male students in a Hongseung-located culinary college. Over 16 minutes of time spent on lunch group had significantly lower body weights, obesity degrees and body mass index (BMI) and tended to have lower body fat % than the other groups. It suggests that shorter time spent on lunch is related with lower body weight, obesity degree and BMI. Those who ate the meal prepared by mother had longer time spent on lunch. The shorter times spent on lunch group recognized their body shape was lean, the longer time spent on lunch group recognized the overweight or obesity significantly. The shorter time spent on lunch group tended to eat the cooked rice in the gug and recognized that they were not healthy. Those who had diseases in the past tended to have shorter time spent on lunch. The more they chewed cooked rice and then longer time spent on lunch they had, they recognized their eating speed was not significantly speedy. The shorter time spent on lunch they had, the fewer fruits and salty foods they ate significantly. This study suggests that more chewing time, slower eating speed and longer time spent on eatmg lunch is very related with lowering weight, BMI, body fat % and obesity degrees, so male college students should be educated to have correct eating habits.
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A Study on Weight Control, Nutritional Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes and Eating Behaviors among High School Female Students
Yun Ahn, Hyungmee Kim, Kyungwon Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):205-217.   Published online April 30, 2006
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This study was designed to examine weight control, nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes and eating behaviors of 370 high school girls and to investigate if there were differences in these variables by weight control status. The weight control attempters (65.1%) had significantly higher body weight and BMI (p<0.001). The difference between desired and current body weight was -9.1 kg in the attempters, showing a significantly higher difference than the counterparts (p<0.001). The attempters also showed more interest toward weight control (p<0.001), but were less satisfied with their body size (p<0.001). Most of subjects (88.1%), especially in the attempters (96.7%) responded that they would try to control their weights in the future. The regular exerciser was 22.9% in the attempters while the percentage of the counterparts was 11.9% (p<0.05). The use of internet or television watching was not significantly different by weight control status. Subjects scored 15.8 out of 20 on a nutritional knowledge scale, which showed a moderate level of knowledge. The nutritional knowledge score was 15.7 for the attempters and 15.8 for the counterparts. None of the nutritional knowledge items reached statistical significance, although the percentages of correct answers regarding weight control or balanced meals were slightly lower in the attempters. The attempters showed more favorable eating attitudes than the counterparts (p<0.001), especially in the attitudes of applying nutritional knowledge to daily life (p<0.01), attitudes for modifying diets (p<0.01) and importance of having adequate meals (p<0.01). The eating behavior was moderate, with mean scores of 31.1 (possible score: 15-45). Subjects showed problems in eating a variety of foods, eating meals regularly, eating slowly, eating breakfast and consumption of some food groups (e.g., dairy foods, fruits). The attempters consumed seaweeds more frequently than the counterparts (p<0.05). Although there were not many significant differences by weight control status, this study suggested that nutrition education for adolescent girls should be planned to provide nutrition information regarding desirable weight control as well as modifying diets and eating behaviors.
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Dietary Macronutrients and VO2 by BMI among Female College Students in Seoul
Jae Yeon Lim, Hae Bok Na
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):52-62.   Published online February 28, 2006
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This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and VO2 by BMI. The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/m2 (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and VO2 were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI. Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI. Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and VO2 by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/m2 group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above 20%. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 group was very low (55% of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI. Only in the BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in VO2peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.
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A Study of Weight Control and Associated Factors among High School Female Students
Yun Ahn, Hyungmee Kim, Kyungwon Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):814-824.   Published online December 31, 2005
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The study purpose was to examine weight control status and related factors among 370 high school girls in Seoul. Factors examined included interest toward weight control, body satisfaction, body image, beliefs regarding weight control and self-efficacy. 65.1% had attempted to control weight and were categorized into attempt group. Those in the attempt group had higher body weight (p<0.001) and BMI (p<0.001) than the counterparts. They tried to control weight 2.9 times on average (22.4 days each time). The major information sources for weight control were internet (62.8%), and TV/ radio (17.1%). Exercise was most commonly used for weight control, followed by reducing meal amount and skipping dinner. The attempt group was less satisfied with body size (p<0.001) and perceived their body sizs as heavier than the counterparts (p<0.001), but they showed more interest toward weight control (p<0.001). The ideal body size of society or the body size that they want was very thin in both groups. Twelve out of 20 beliefs regarding weight control were significantly different between the two groups. The attempt group believed more strongly on the advantages such as increased self-confidence, appearance, attractiveness (p<0.001) and 'good for making friends' (p<0.01). In contrast, the attempt group believed less strongly about the disadvantages including harmful effects on health (p<0.001), parents' dislike, feelings of discouragement (p<0.01) and becoming (p<0.05). The attempt group showed lower overall self-efficacy to control overeating (p<0.05) than the counterparts. Especially, the attempt group felt less control of overeating in situations such as eating-out, after school, when they are with family (p<0.01) or with friends, when they feel hungry, during examination periods and when others offer food (p<0.05). This study suggested that weight management education for adolescents include strategies for changing body image and beliefs regarding weight control, as well as increasing self-efficacy to control overeating.
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A Study on Relation between Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Nutritional Intake, Blood Composition of Female College Students
Sung Hee Kim, Joo Hee Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):603-614.   Published online October 31, 2005
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This study was performed to investigate the correlation between Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and nutritional intake, blood composition of female students. One hundred and one female students were selected as the experimental subjects at Gyeongsang National University. To assess the PMS symptoms of the subjects, a questionnaire (PAF) score based on the methods of Halbreich, Endicor and Nee was prepared with 34 different items. Dietary survey was conducted by 24-hour recall method for 3 days and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the CAN-Pro. Blood composition of WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, Ca and Mg was measured. The average height, weight and BMI of subjects were 160.7 +/- 4.6 cm, 54.1 +/- 5.7 kg and 21.2 +/- 1.9, respectively. Average intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vit B2, and folic acid per day were 1810.2 +/- 344.9 kcal (90.5% of RDA), 621.1 +/- 197.3 mg (88.7% of RDA), 15.9 +/- 4.9 mg (99.3% of RDA), 8.1 +/- 3.4 mg (80.5% of RDA), 1.1 +/- 0.6 mg (88.3% of RDA) and 234.3 +/- 78.6 microgram (93.7% of RDA), respectively. Score of the behavioral symptoms, psychologic symptoms, physical symptoms and other symptoms were recorded 1.79 +/- 0.86, 2.11 +/- 1.08, 2.31 +/- 1.11 and 1.58 +/- 0.86, respectively. The relation between PMS and menstrual cramps was significant. A significant difference was observed for menstruation amount in physical symptoms (p < 0.05) and other score (p < 0.05). The group who drinks alcohol over 30 g per day showed higher scores at total PAF (p < 0.05), psychologic symptoms (p < 0.05), physical symptoms (p < 0.05), and other scores (p < 0.05) than those who don't drink alcohol. Calcium in the blood showed a negative correlation with total PAF score (p < 0.05), behavioral symptoms (p < 0.05), physical symptoms (p < 0.05) and other scores (p < 0.01). Magnesium in the blood showed a negative correlation with physical symptoms (p < 0.05), other score (p < 0.05). WBC was negatively associated with psychologic scores (p < 0.05). Hb and Hct were negatively associated with other scores (p < 0.05). In conclusion, calcium intake showed a level of 88.7% of RDA and this study revealed that there is a correlation between PMS and blood composition in female college students. Therefore, calcium and magnesium supplements can be beneficial to relieve PMS symptoms.
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A Study of the Nutritional Intake and Health Condition of Female College Students as Related to Their Frequency of Eating Breakfast
Hyeon Hee Yu, Jung Eun Nam, In Sook Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):964-976.   Published online December 31, 2003
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The present study investigated the nutritional intake and health condition of 389 female college students living in Iksan, Jeonbuk, dependent on their frequency of breakfast. The subjects were evenly distributed in terms of their age, 61.7% were living at home with their parents, and most responded that they were from a middle income level. Of the subjects, 43.2% always had breakfast (more than 5 times a week); 26.5% sometimes (3 to 4 times a week); 30.3% seldom had breakfast (less than twice a week). The most frequent reason why they skipped breakfast was they were late risers (53%); 38.7% started to skip breakfast during their high school days. The nutritional intake based on whether or not they had breakfast showed that the intake of all nutrients including energy was higher in the students who always or sometimes had breakfast than in those who seldom did (p < 0.05 - 0.001). The presence of clinical symptoms was dependent upon their intake of breakfast. It showed that the students who seldom ate breakfast, had more symptoms of convulsions, nervousness, neck or shoulder pain and indigestion, than those who always, or sometimes ate it (p < 0.05 - 0.01). In all three groups, the largest number of students exercised once or twice a week. Their major reason for exercising was to lose weight. The degree of obesity based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) was in the normal range for 69.7% of the subjects. Female college students ate breakfast irregularly seemed to have a lower intake of nutrients and poorer health. In this regard, we should recognize the importance of eating breakfast, and should make a habit of doing so.
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Depression and Dietary Factors Related to Hyperlipidemia in Urban Living Elderly Female from Low Income Group
Sook Mee Son, Jin Kyung Park, Hong Sup Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):938-950.   Published online December 31, 2003
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We conducted a case-control study to examine the relationship of depression and dietary related factors with the hyperlipidemia for urban living elderly women from low income group. The case group consisted of 45 elderly females with hyperlipidemia (serum cholesterol > or = 240 mg/dl or serum TG > or = 250 mg/dl) and the control group of 95 age matched elderly women with serum cholesterol levels less than 240 mg/dl and serum TG less than 250 mg/dl. In a univariate analysis, vitamin C intake, the number of family members living with the subject, and their depression scores were significantly higher in the hyperlipidemic group than in the control group. In the logistic regression analysis, the vitamin C intake (> or = 75% Korean RDA), the number of family members living with the subject (> or = 1), depression scores (> or = 7), BMI (> or = 27), and subscapular skinfold thickness (> or = 18 mm) were associated with significantly higher (p < 0.05) risks of hyperlipidemia in the elderly women. However after adjustment for other covariables, the depression scores (Odds Ratio 2.48 for depression score > or = 7 ; 95%CI : 1.10 - 5.60) and subscapular skinfold thicknesses (Odds Ratio 5.69 for SBT > or = 18 mm ; 95%CI : 1.87 - 17.32) were the significant risk factors associated with hyperlipidemia in the elderly women.
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Psychosocial Factors Related to Dairy Product Consumption among Female University Students in Daejeon
Eun Mi Shin, Kyung Won Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):867-875.   Published online December 31, 2003
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychosocial factors influencing dairy product consumption of female university students in Daejeon. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided the basis for this study. As a result of the pilot-study, 18 behavioral beliefs, 8 normative beliefs, and 12 control beliefs were identified. The subjects (n = 236) were grouped into a high-consumption group (1 serving / day, n = 117) and a low consumption group (< 1 serving / day, n = 119). The data were analyzed using t-tests or chi-square-tests. Among the general characteristics, there were significant differences in the amount of pocket money spent per month, residence type (p < 0.01), weight, frequency of exercise and perceived health status (p < 0.05) of the subjects. With respect to the 18 behavioral beliefs, the high consumption group responded less negatively on 'eating dairy foods would not be convenient' than the low consumption group (p < 0.05). None of the subjective normative items were significantly different between the two groups. However, notable differences were found in regard to the control beliefs (8 out of 12 control beliefs). These included overall control over consuming dairy products (p < 0.001), as well as specific beliefs regarding barriers such as easy spoilage of dairy products, the cost, eating them for snacks and dislike for them (p < 0.05). In addition, specific situations, such as 'when I want them I get them' (p < 0.01), eating out and the availability of dairy foods at home (p < 0.05) were significantly different between the two groups. The high consumption group showed more control over these barriers or situations. These results suggest that nutritional education for young female adults should incorporate strategies to increase their perceived control over the consumption of dairy products by removing barriers and including environmental approaches which address the availability issues.
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Body Composition, Food Intake and Clinical Blood Indices of Female College Students
Jung Hee Kim, Hea Joon Ahn, Sang Eun Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):977-985.   Published online December 31, 2003
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This study was done to evaluate the health and nutritional status of female college students in Seoul. The subjects were 63 healthy college students aged 20 to 29 years. Their body composition, dietary intakes, clinical blood indices were investigated. Their body composition was determined by means of a multifreqency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Their dietary intake was determined using 3-day record method and their nutrient intake was analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-pro). Their hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined by semi-automated microcell counter (F-520). Their plasma total cholesterol, TG, and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured using test kits. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Their average consumption of calcium, iron vitamin A, vitamin B2 and niacin were 63.3%, 65.0%, 85.2%, 89.2% and 95.2% of RDA, respectively. The overall mean values of the hematological indices in the female college students were within the normal range. However anemic subjects with hemoglobin (< 12 g/dl) and hematocrit (< 36%) accounted for about 20% of the subjects. The mean levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TG were 188.4 mg/dl, 69.9 mg/dl and 67.4 mg/dl, respectively. The percentages of the subjects with plasma total cholesterol level (> 200 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (> 130 mg/dl) were about 41% and 30.4%, respectively. The data showed a significantly positive correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and TG. However, there was a significantly negative correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and HDL-cholesterol. These overall results suggest that it is necessary for college women to be educated regarding consuming more iron and vitamin C and less fat, in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia and/or cardiovascular diseases in later life.
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[English]
Eating Behaviors, Perception of Body Image, Hematological Indices and Nutrient Intake of Adolescent Female Athletes in Incheon
Sun Hee Cheong, Hyuni Sung, Soon Ki Kim, Kwanghoi Kim, Mihye Cho, Kyung Ja Chang
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):951-963.   Published online December 31, 2003
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating behaviors, the self-perception of body images, the hematological indices and the nutrient intake of adolescent female athletes in Incheon. The subjects were 112 female athletes (track and field: n = 32, target shooting: n = 27, fencing: n = 29, swimming: n = 14, badminton: n = 10) from middle and high schools in Incheon. This cross-sectional study was conducted by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), ferritin, serum iron, mean cor-puscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS). Nutrient intakes obtained by means of the 3 day-recall method were analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 10.0 program. Most of the female athletes had dietary problems such as eating unbalanced meals, skipping meals, and preferences for processed foods. More than 60% of the female athletes skipped breakfast. As for perception of their body images, track and field athletes in particular, controlled their weights significantly better than the other athletes (p < 0.05). With regard to their physical exertion during exercise, 56.3% of the swimmers and 31.3% of the track and field athletes answered "very hard", which was a significant difference (p < 0.001). More than 80% of the female athletes experienced vertigo during exercise (p < 0.01). Also more than 50% of the female athletes, with the exception of the badminton players, had experienced irregular menstruation (p < 0.05). The average serum iron levels (p < 0.05), the serum ferritin levels (p < 0.05) and TS (p < 0.05) of the track and field athletes was significantly lower as compared to that of the other athletes. The nutrient intakes of the female athletes, with the exception of Vitamin B6, niacin and phosphorus were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA). In particular, the calcium and iron intakes of the female athletes were under 50% of the Korean RDA. Therefore, proper nutritional education and supplementation are required for female athletes to encourage desirable eating habits, as well as to improve their nutritional status and exercise performances.
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Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
© The Korean Society of Community Nutrition.
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