Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Accuracy of 24-hour Diet Recalls for Estimating Energy Intake in Elderly Men using the Doubly Labeled Water Method: Ji Hye Jeon, Na Young Go, Mo Ran Lee, Didace Ndahimana, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):516-524. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.516

OBJECTIVES
This study assessed the accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall method for estimating the energy intake of elderly men using the doubly labeled water as a reference method.
METHODS
Seventeen subjects (mean age 72.5 Â± 3.9 years), who maintained the same body weight during the two weeks study period, were included in this study. Three 24-hour diet recalls (two weekdays and one weekend) were obtained over a 14 day period to estimate the mean energy intake. The total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14 days using the doubly labeled water method. The total energy intake and total energy expenditure were compared by paired t-test.
RESULTS
The total energy intake from the 24-hour diet recalls method was 2536.7 Â± 350.6 kcal/day, and the total energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method was 2659.8 Â± 306.8 kcal/day. The total energy intake was slightly under-reported by âˆ’123.2 Â± 260.8 kcal/day (âˆ’4.4%). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure of the subjects (p=0.069). The percentage of accurate predictions was 64.7%. The correlation between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure was statistically significant (r=0.697, p < 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS
The present study supports the use of the 24-hour diet recall method to estimate the mean energy intake in elderly men group. More studies are needed to assess the validity of 24-hour diet recall method in other population groups, including elderly women, adults and children.

Citations

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Health Outcome Comparison Based on Dietary Inflammatory Levels among Sample of Korean Elderly
Seul-Ki Koo, Hee-Sook Lim
Healthcare.2024; 12(10): 1003. CrossRef
Evaluation of Menopausal Syndrome Relief and Anti-Obesity Efficacy of the Korean Fermented Food Doenjang: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
A Lum Han, Myeong Seon Ryu, Hee-Jong Yang, Do-Youn Jeong, Keum Ha Choi
Nutrients.2024; 16(8): 1194. CrossRef
Validation of a physical activity classification table in Korean adults and elderly using a doubly labeled water method
Hye-Ji Han, Ha-Yeon Jun, Jonghoon Park, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Eun-Kyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 391. CrossRef
Validity of Interviewer-Administered 24-h Dietary Recalls in Older Korean Women: A Pilot Study
Seunghee Kim, Clara Y. Park
Nutrients.2023; 15(7): 1757. CrossRef
Comparison of total energy intakes estimated by 24-hour diet recall with total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method in adults
Eun-Kyung Kim, Justice Otoo Fenyi, Jae-Hee Kim, Myung-Hee Kim, Seo-Eun Yean, Kye-Wol Park, Kyungwon Oh, Sungha Yoon, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Jonghoon Park, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jin-Sook Yoon
Nutrition Research and Practice.2022; 16(5): 646. CrossRef
A short education session increases the accuracy of estimated food records in young Korean women during a controlled-feeding study
Seunghee Kim, Bora Lee, Clara Yongjoo Park
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(5): 613. CrossRef
Accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall method to determine energy intake in elderly women compared with the doubly labeled water method
Kye-Wol Park, Na-Young Go, Ji-Hye Jeon, Didace Ndahimana, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Jonghoon Park, Eun-Kyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 476. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Predicted and Measured Resting Energy Expenditure in Overweight and Obese Korean Women: Ji Sook Park, Jung Eun Yim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(5):424-430. Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.424

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare predictions and measurements of the resting energy expenditure (REE) of overweight and obese adult women in Korea.
METHODS
The subjects included 65 overweight or obese adult women ranging in age from 20~60 with a recorded body mass index (BMI) of 23 or higher. Their height, weight, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure were measured. The investigator also measured their body fat, body fat percentage, and body composition of total weight without fat using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Measured resting energy expenditures were compared with predictions from six methods: Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Owen, WHO-WH, Henry-WH, and KDRI.
RESULTS
Harris-Benedict predictions showed the smallest differences from measured resting energy expenditure at an accurate prediction rate of 70%. The study analyzed regression between measured resting energy expenditure and body measurements including height, weight and age. The formula proposed by this research is as follows: Proposed REE equation for overweight and obese Korean women = 721 âˆ’ (1.5 Ã— age) + (0.4 Ã— height) + (9.9 Ã— weight).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that age is a significant variable when predicting resting energy expenditure in overweight and obese women. Therefore, prediction of resting energy expenditure should consider age when determining energy requirements in overweight and obese women.

Citations

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Resting energy expenditure in Korean type 2 diabetes patients: comparison between measured and predicted values
Ji-Sook Park, Sung-Rae Cho, Jung-Eun Yim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 464. CrossRef

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[English]
Consumption Behaviors of Energy Drinks and Comparison of Associated Factors Among College Students in Gwangju: DaWun Seo, Bok Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):289-301. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.289

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OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to examine the current status of consumption of energy drinks among college students and investigate the effects of general environmental factors, health behavior factors, caffeine knowledge levels, and perceived stress levels on consumption of energy drinks.
METHODS
A survey was conducted among a total of 479 college students in Gwangju, using self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of items about general environmental factors, health behavior, caffeine knowledge, perceived stress, and energy drink consumption behaviors.
RESULTS
69.1% of participants experienced consumption of energy drinks, and specifically 82.8% of male students and 54.1% of female students experienced consumption of energy drinks (p < 0.001). The reasons for drinking energy drinks were found to be recovery from fatigue, curiosity, taste, habit, thirst relief, and stress relief. In addition, 40.7% of participants experienced drinking energy drinks mixed with alcohol, and specifically 48.6% of male students and 27.4% of female students reported drinking energy drinks with alcohol (p < 0.001). Moreover, 51.5% of participants responded that they experienced the effects of energy drinks, 31.9% reported experiencing adverse effects, and 41.1% were found to perceive the health risks. As a result of the assessment of caffeine knowledge, the participants showed a high level of knowledge of the arousal effect (77.7%) and the concentration increasing effect (70.8%) of caffeine, whereas they exhibited a low level of understanding of the health problems due to caffeine (32.6%) and adequate caffeine intake levels (24.4%). The higher levels of consumption experience of energy drinks was associated with higher body mass indexes (BMI) (p < 0.01), higher academic years (p < 0.01), lower levels of interest in health (p < 0.05), smoking (p < 0.001), alcohol consumption (p < 0.05), and higher levels of perceived stress (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The risk groups related to consumption of energy drinks among college students were identified as male students rather than female students, students in the third or fourth year of study associated with increased stress levels, and students with negative health behaviors. Therefore, support for diverse health and nutrition education for college students is required along with the improvement of internal and external environments of schools in order for college students to manage increased stress levels due to the schoolwork and preparation for employment and maintain positive health behaviors.

Citations

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Analysis of Caffeine Intake and Eating Disorders among College Students according to Whether an Examination was Imminent or Not
Eun-Ji Lee, Bok-Mi Jung
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2023; 34(1): 47. CrossRef
광주광역시 지역민의 영양교육 요구도 조사 분석
은평 양, 경윤 김, 승희 최, 금비 류, 옥경 김, 정미 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(2): 100. CrossRef
A Study on the Perception and Intake of Caffeinated Beverages in Adults Aged 20 to 30 Years
Bo-Ra Seo, Sim-Yeol Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(6): 545. CrossRef

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[English]
Representative Nutrients Contents and Nutritional Adequacy Evaluation of Single-Dish Meal for Middle School Students: Gisun Lee, Youngnam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):93-101. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.93

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
With the increasing number of single households and so-called Honbab-jok, those who eat alone, people tend to enjoy convenient and simple meals, such as single dish meals. This study was performed to provide data on the energy and nutrient content, and nutritional adequacy of single-dish meal.
METHODS
From the literature reviews, 61 types of single-dish meals were selected, and divided into 4 groups (steamed rice, noodle, porridge, and sandwichÂ·burger), and a further 11 sub-groups (bibimbab, fried rice, topped rice, rolled rice/warm noodle, cold noodle, seasoned noodle, dukgook/porridge/, and sandwich, burger). In addition, 382 junior high school students from Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam areas were recruited for the survey. The survey questionnaires were composed of the characteristics, preference, and intake frequency of single-dish meals. The representative energy content (arithmetic mean) of single-dish meals were calculated, and compared with the energy contents of preference and intake frequency-weighted values adjusted. The representative nutrient contents, energy contribution ratio, and INQ (index of nutritional quality) of a single-dish meal were calculated for a nutritional adequacy evaluation.
RESULTS
The study subjects considered a single-dish meal as tasty, simple and fast to prepare, inexpensive, nutritious, and no low calorie food. The preference scores of all but 1 sub-group of single-dish meals were â‰¥ 5.00 (5.00~5.97), and 1 sub-group (porridge) was 4.67 on a 7-point scale. The intake frequency of 11 sub-groups were 0.31~1.71/week, porridge was the lowest at 0.31 and warm noodles was the highest at 1.71. Fried rice, rolled rice, and warm noodle' intake frequency were â‰¥ 1/week. The representative energy of steamed rice, noodle, sandwichÂ·burger were 443, 429, and 428 kcal, respectively, and that of porridge was 264 kcal. Less than 5% differences in the representative energy of 4 groups were observed when adjusted for the preference or intake frequency-weighted values. The energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients calculations showed that porridge was a high carbohydrate and low fat food, whereas sandwichÂ·burger were high fat and low carbohydrate foods. The INQ of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0 in all 4 food groups, but the INQ of protein and thiamin were > 1.0 in all 4 single-dish food groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The representative energy in the 4 groups of single-dish meal was 264~450 kcal, which is a rather low calorie meal, and the energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients were inadequate. The protein and thiamin levels were sufficient but the calcium and vitamin C levels were insufficient in all 4 groups of a single-dish meal judged by the INQ. The additional intake of fruits and milkÂ·dairy products between meals with a single-dish meal, supply of calcium and vitamin C may increase, which will result in an improved nutritional balance.

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[English]
Awareness and Consumption of Energy Drinks and Associated Factors among College Students in Cheongju: Tae Yang Kim, Soo Min Kim, Ji Yeon Kim, Jeong Yeon Im, Hui Yu, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(1):60-72. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.60

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OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the awareness of energy drinks, energy drink consumption behaviors, and associated factors among college students.
METHODS
A total of 536 students from three universities in Cheongju completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding awareness and consumption of energy drinks as well as general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and eating habits.
RESULTS
Approximately half of the respondents reported they knew what energy drinks were, while 45.7% had heard of energy drinks but did not know what they were. However, 76.9% had experience in using energy drinks. The main reason for using energy drinks was to stay awake, and the main place that they were used was on campus or at the library. More than 70% of energy drink users did not read the caffeine contents of energy drinks. After consuming energy drinks, 31.3% experienced adverse effects, the most serious being sleep disturbance. Approximately 33% of students consumed energy drinks once a month or more frequently, and men consumed energy drinks more frequently than females. Energy drink users who consumed at least one drink each month were more likely to be natural science major or drink more milk for male students, and to have more allowances or consume less meat for female students, compared with non-users.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study showed that 33% of students consumed at least one energy drink each month, and there were a small number of students consumed energy drinks almost every day or energy drinks mixed with alcohol. Accordingly, college students should be taught potential health hazards of energy drinks mixed with alcohol as well as energy drinks alone. In addition, reading labels about caffeine and sugar contents in energy drinks is encouraged.

Citations

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The Impact of Promotional Activities on the Purchase and Repurchase Intention of Energy Drinks in Yemen Under Different Levels of Awareness of the Potential Adverse Effects
Majid Mapkhot Goaill, Mohammed A. Al-Hakimi, Hamood Mohammed Al-Hattami, Mohsen Ali Murshid, Amal Al-Mogahed, Sharf Obad
Sage Open.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Usage, Preference, and Satisfaction for Convenience Store Dessert among University Students in Chungbuk Area
Go Eun Lee, Hye-In Yang, Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of Biotechnology and Bioindustry.2021; 9: 63. CrossRef
Energy drinks
Towhid Hasan, Marjia Sultana, Md. Tareq Hossain, Lima Khatun, Md. Alauddin
Journal of Health Research.2020; 34(3): 221. CrossRef
Energy Drink Consumption and Dietary-, Lifestyle-, and Mental Health-Related Behaviors in Korean Adolescents: Based on the 10th–13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey
Jiwon Oh, Jayong Chung
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2019; 19(3): 145. CrossRef
Sleep Quality and Its Association with the Dietary Behavior and Lifestyle of University Students in Cheongju
Sewhan Jin, Munkyong Pae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 395. CrossRef
Consumption of energy drink and associated factors
Towhid Hasan, Marjia Sultana, Lincon Chandra Shill, Sara Sultana
Nutrition & Food Science .2019; 50(1): 131. CrossRef
Consumption Behaviors of Energy Drinks and Comparison of Associated Factors Among College Students in Gwangju
DaWun Seo, Bok Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 289. CrossRef

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[English]
Accuracy of Accelerometer for the Prediction of Energy Expenditure and Activity Intensity in Athletic Elementary School Children During Selected Activities: Su Ji Choi, Hae Sun An, Mo Ran Lee, Jung Sook Lee, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):413-425. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.413

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children.
METHODS
The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making msix equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve.
RESULTS
For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.

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Developing a Multimodal Monitoring System for Geriatric Depression
Youngshin Cho, Kyuhee Lim, Sunghee Lee, Yuntae Kim, Mijung Kim, Chang Oh Kim, Youkyung Kim, Heejung Kim
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2023; 41(1): 46. CrossRef
Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary
Hae-Sun An, Su-Ji Choi, Mo-Ran Lee, Jung-Sook Lee, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(6): 529. CrossRef

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[English]
Measurement of Energy Expenditure Through Treadmill-based Walking and Self-selected Hallway Walking of College Students - Using Indirect Calorimeter and Accelerometer: Ye Jin Kim, Cui Sang Wang, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(6):520-532. Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.6.520

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess energy expenditure and metabolic cost (METs) of walking activities of college students and to compare treadmill based walking with self-selected hallway walking.
METHODS
Thirty subjects (mean age 23.4 Â± 1.6 years) completed eight walking activities. Five treadmill walking activities (TW2.4, TW3.2, TW4.0, TW4.8, TW5.6) were followed by three self-selected hallway walking activities, namely, walk as if you were walking and talking with a friend: HWL (leisurely), walk as if you were hurrying across the street at a cross-walk: HWB (brisk) and walk as fast as you can but do not run: HWF (fast) were performed by each subject. Energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic system and accelerometers.
RESULTS
Except for HWF (fast) activity, energy expenditures of all other walking activities measured were higher in male than in female subjects. The lowest energy expenditure and METs were observed in TW2.4 (3.65 Â± 0.84 kcal/min and 2.88 Â± 0.26 METs in male), HWL (leisurely) (2.85 Â± 0.70 kcal/min and 3.20 Â± 0.57 METs in female), and the highest rates were observed in HWF (fast) (7.72 Â± 2.81 kcal/min, 5.84 Â± 1.84 METs in male, 6.65 Â± 1.57 kcal/min, 7.13 Â± 0.68 METs in female). Regarding the comparison of treadmill-based walking activities and self-selected walking, the energy expenditure of HWL (leisurely) was not significantly different from that of TW2.4. In case of male, no significant difference was observed between energy costs of HWB (brisk), HWF (fast) and TW5.6 activities, whereas in female, energy expenditures during HWB (brisk) and HWF (fast) were significantly different from that of TW5.6.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we observed that energy expenditure from self-selected walking activities of college students was comparable with treadmill-based activities at specific speeds. Our results suggested that a practicing leisurely or brisk walking for a minimum of 150 minutes per week by both male and female college students enable them to meet recommendations from the Physical activity guide for Koreans.

Citations

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Accuracy of Accelerometer for the Prediction of Energy Expenditure and Activity Intensity in Athletic Elementary School Children During Selected Activities
Su-Ji Choi, Hae-Sun An, Mo-Ran Lee, Jung-Sook Lee, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(5): 413. CrossRef
Energy expenditure of physical activity in Korean adults and assessment of accelerometer accuracy by gender
Yeon-jung Choi, Mun-jeong Ju, Jung-hye Park, Jong-hoon Park, Eun-kyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(6): 552. CrossRef

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[English]
Study on Energy and Nutrient Intake and Food Preference of the Elderly in Care Facilities: Jong Sook Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Kang Min Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(2):200-217. Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.2.200

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to assess energy and nutritional intake and investigate the preference for food and cooking methods of the residents in elderly care facilities.
METHODS
Data were collected from 72 residents (10 males and 62 females) aged â‰¥ 70 years in elderly care facilities using questionnaires, food photographs for estimating dietary intake and records for daily physical activity.
RESULTS
Average age of the study participants was 85.0 years and 41, 36 and 8 had dementia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. 15%, 65% and 19% of subjects were physically mobile, enervated, and immobile, respectively. Daily energy intake was 1360.2 kcal in men and 1378.0 kcal in women, which were 68.0% and 86.1% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) of dietary reference intake for Koreans (KDRI) for â‰¥ 75 year old individuals, respectively. Estimated energy expenditure (EEE) of subjects calculated using formula from KDRI was 1361.9 kcal and EER calculated using estimated daily physical activity (EDPA) was 1232.9 kcal. Energy intake and EEE from KDRI were higher than EER from EDPA. Dietary intake of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C were lower, and protein, phosphorous, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin E were higher than the corresponding ones of KDRI. Subjects liked meats, fishes and shellfish, and fruits, while subjects disliked milk, seaweeds and salted fish and salted vegetables. Cooked rice, soybean paste soup, beef, cooked sliced radish strip, and yogurt were favorite foods, with steam being a favorite cooking method. Subjects considered nutrition as the most important factor for improving food service quality.
CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study could be utilized for improving food-service for the residents in elderly care facilities, and provide a basis for setting reference intake of energy and nutrients of the elderly having very low activity levels.

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Jin Hee Kwon, Rah Il Hwang, Jaehyeon Ryu
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Current status of foodservice nutrition management and effects of welfare facility support for the elderly in Cheongju City
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Geun-Young Kim, Hye-Young Jang
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Dietary quality of lunches in senior leisure service facilities in South Korea: analysis of data from the 2013–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Daeun Choi, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Kyunghee Song, Jinah Hwang
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(2): 266. CrossRef
Evaluation of the dietary quality and nutritional status of elderly people using the Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E) in Seoul
Sun-Wook Ham, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 68. CrossRef
Status of health and nutritional intake of the elderly in long-term care facilities: focus on Gwangju Metropolitan City
Gyusang Han, Eunju Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 27. CrossRef
Study on the Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Elderly Residents on Various Meal Types in Long-Term Care Facility
Hee-Sook Lim, Eun Bi Oh, Yoo Kyoung Park, Hae-Yun Chung
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(2): 172. CrossRef
Health and Nutrition Status of Elderly People with Multimorbidity: A Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015)
Na-Gyeong Oh, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 502. CrossRef
Nutritional status of Korean elderly with dementia in a long-term care facility in Hongseong
Ji-Yeon Lee, Yeong-Soon Hyun, Hee-Seon Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(1): 32. CrossRef
Food and nutrient intake status of Korean elderly by perceived anxiety and depressive condition: data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 ~ 2015
Da-Mee Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(1): 58. CrossRef
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Mi Young Kim, Yoo Na Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 971. CrossRef

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[English]
Influence of the Size of the Spoon on the Eating rate, Energy Intake and the Satiety Levels of Female College Students: Yang Hee Hong, Young Suk Kim, Hyun Jung Kwon, Do Seok Chang, Dong Geon Kim, Un Jae Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(5):375-382. Published online October 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.5.375

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study examined the influence of different sizes of spoons (normal spoon, 8.3 cc vs small spoon, 4 cc) on eating rate, energy intake and the satiety levels of female college students.
METHODS
Twenty four healthy female college students participated in this study once a week for 2 weeks. Two hundred ten grams of cooked rice and 250 g of beef shank soup with a normal spoon and same amount of rice and soup with a small size spoon were served to the same participants over two consecutive weeks. After each lunch, the eating rate, energy intake, and the satiety levels were measured.
RESULTS
Results showed that the subjects who were using a small spoon ate less beef shank soup (149.0 kcal) (p < 0.01) and had lower total energy intake (423.3 kcal) (p < 0.05) than using a normal spoon (178.7 and 461.1 kcal, respectively). Also, the meal time (15.7 min) (p < 0.01), a serving per one spoon (8.6 g) (p < 0.001), and eating rate (27.9 g/min) (p < 0.001) of those who used a small spoon were significantly different than that of those who used a normal spoon (13.6 min, 12.5 g and 35.7 g/min, respectively). However, despite consuming less energy at lunch, the level of satiety after eating from the small spoon was not significantly different from the normal spoon immediately after, 1 hour after and 2 hour after lunch.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results revealed that students were able to control their eating rate by using a small spoon and they could feel full enough even though they eat less. In conclusion, eating rate decrease by using a small spoon may play an important role in food intake.

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[English]
An Evaluation of Chronic Disease Risk Based on the Percentage of Energy from Carbohydrates and the Frequency of Vegetable Intake in the Korean Elderly: Using the 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Yoon Suk Suh, Min Seon Park, Young Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(1):41-52. Published online February 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.41

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
Korean elderly people are known to consume diets high in carbohydrates low in vegetables compared to other age groups. This study evaluated the chronic disease risks and nutritional status in this group based on the percentage of energy from carbohydrates and the frequency of vegetable intake.
METHODS
Using the 2007~2009 Korean National Health Nutrition Examination Survey data, except those who were undergoing treatment for chronic disease, final 1,487 subjects aged 65 and older were divided into 4 groups: moderate carbohydrate energy ratio of 55~70% and low frequency of vegetable intake defined as less than 5 times per day (MCLV), moderate carbohydrate ratio and high frequency of vegetable intake more than 5 times (MCHV), high carbohydrate energy ratio above 70% and low frequency of vegetable intake less than 5 times (HCLV), and high carbohydrate ratio and high frequency of vegetable intake more than 5 times (HCHV). All data were analyzed after the application of weighted value, using a general linear model or logistic regression.
RESULTS
More than half of Korean elderly consumed diets with HCLV, and this group showed poor nutritional status and lower frequency of intake of most food items, but with no risk of chronic disease such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or anemia probably due to low intake of energy. On the contrary, MCHV group with a high percentage of energy from fat and protein showed the highest intake of energy and most nutrients, the highest frequency of intake of most of food items and a tendency of high risk of abdominal obesity, being followed by the MCLV group. Meanwhile, HCHV group showed a tendency of high risk of hypertension, followed by HCLV group with low frequency of intake of vegetables compared with the two moderate carbohydrate groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that the percentage of energy from carbohydrate and the frequency of vegetable intake affected the nutritional status, but not significantly affected the risk of chronic disease in Korean elderly. Further studies using more detailed category of % energy from carbohydrates and of type and amount of vegetables with consideration of individual energy intake level, excessive or deficient, are needed to confirm the results.

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea: Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units: Jia Li Guo, Soon Kyung Kim, Jeong Weon Kim, Mi Hyun Kim, Se Na Kim, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):565-576. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.565

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea. The subjects were 64 Chinese college students in Korea (educated group, 32 students vs. non-educated group, 32 students). Educated group was lessoned as group and/or individual. Nutrition education program consisted of four lessons (40min / lesson), '6 major nutrients & function (group lesson)', '6 food group and sources (group lesson)', 'personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units using Food Exchange System (individual lesson)', and 'smart choice of snacks and eating-out foods (group lesson)'. We examined the differences between educated group and non-educated group in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake. After education, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge: 'function and foods of 6 nutrients', on dietary attitudes: 'type of breakfast' in educated group. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI), there were positive improvements on intake levels of riboflavin, fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, Ca and K in the educated group. In the index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) were significantly increased in the educated group. In conclusion, it is possible to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea through the nutrition education focused on personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units.

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[English]
Assessment of Energy Intake and Physical Activity Level for Korean Farmers to Establish Estimated Energy Requirements during the Off-Season for Farmers: Sun Hee Lee, Seo Eun Yeon, Hee Ryoung Son, Jung Sook Choi, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):652-663. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.652

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during the off-season. Subjects were 90 healthy males (n = 25) and females (n = 65). Body weight, height and body fat and muscles of subjects were measured. The prevalence of obesity among farmers was 56.7% according to the BMI. The farmers spent about 18 hours 7 minutes (75.5%) in sleeping and resting. The farmers spent about 19 hours 56 minutes (83.1%) out of 24 hours (one day) in "sedentary activities" and spent about 3 hours 56 minutes (16.4%) in "light activities". Physical activity level (PAL, activity coefficient) of female farmers was 1.42 which was not significantly higher than that (1.37) of male farmers. Estimated energy requirements (EER) for farmers who were different in age groups and gender were calculated. For example, the EERs for male and female farmers were 2190 kcal/day and 1712 kcal/day, respectively. The daily energy intakes of male and female farmers were 1803 kcal/day and 1610 kcal/day, respectively. The EER of male farmers was 2190 kcal/day which was significantly higher than that (1803 kcal/day) of the recommended daily energy intake of male farmers. The results of this study suggest that estimated EER of farmers should be modified according to seasonal workload and energy balance of farmers should be evaluated to prevent obesity.

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[English]
The Relationship between High Energy/Low Nutrient Food Consumption and Obesity among Korean Children and Adolescents: Gyu Jin Heo, So Young Nam, Soo Kyung Lee, Sang Jin Chung, Ji hyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):226-242. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.226

Abstract PDF PubReader

Consumption of foods with high energy and low nutrient values has been linked to various health issues including obesity and chronic diseases. This study investigated the high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption status and its relationship with obesity status and intake of energy and nutrients, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2-18 year-olds was 8.4% and 10.8% in 2008 and 8.5% and 9.0% in 2009, respectively, in KNHANES. The prevalence of obesity among 12-18 year-olds was 13.9% in 2008 and 11.4% in 2009 in KNHANES, while it was 8.1% in 2008 and 8.2% in 2009 in KYRBWS. Consumption patterns of high-energy/low-nutrient foods were diverse depending on the particular food type. High-energy/low-nutrient foods such as cookies were most often consumed more frequently (2~3 times per week), but fast food type foods were generally consumed less frequently (once per week or less). No significant relationships between high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption and level of energy and nutrient intakes were found in either datasets. Adolescents who were not obese more frequently consumed ramen (p < 0.001), cookies (p < 0.001) and fast food (p < 0.001) than those who were obese in KYRBWS, however, such relationships were not found in KNHANES. This direction of the relationship could be probably attributed to the cross-sectional nature of the datasets. This study was limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data, therefore, further longitudinal research using various study techniques would be necessary to understand the effects of high-energy/low-nutrient foods on child obesity.

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[English]
Assessment of Physical Activity Level of Korean Farmers to Establish Estimated Energy Requirements during Busy Farming Season: Eun Kyung Kim, Sun Hee Lee, Su Young Ko, Seo Eun Yeon, Jeong Sook Choe; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):751-761. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.751

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish their estimated energy requirements during busy farming season. 113 farmers (mean age 51.9 +/- 7.2 years, male 42, female 71) who own farmland area above 300 pyung participated in measurement of body weight and height and interviewing of one-day activity diaries. There was no significant difference in age, BMI between male and female. Obesity prevalence according to BMI among male and female farmers was 40.5% and 50.7% respectively. The farmers spent about 7 hours in sleeping and spent about 4 hours 35 minutes working on the farm and spent about 15 hours 30 minutes (64.6% of 24 hours) in "very light activities" and spent about 3 hours 31 minutes (14.7%) in "light activities". Physical activity level (PAL, activity coefficient) of male farmers was 2.63 which was significantly higher than that (2.19) of female farmers (p < 0.05). Estimated energy requirements (EER) for farmers who were different in age and gender were suggested. For example, the estimated energy requirements for male and female farmers were 3058 kcal/day and 2279 kcal/day, respectively. The results of this study suggest that estimated energy requirements (EER) of farmers should be differentiated according to seasonal workload and energy balance of farmers should be evaluated to prevent obesity.

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Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2022; 31(4): 303. CrossRef
Development of physical activity classification table for Koreans: using the Compendium of physical activities in the United States
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(6): 529. CrossRef
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Lim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178. CrossRef
Comparison of total energy expenditure between the farming season and off farming season and accuracy assessment of estimated energy requirement prediction equation of Korean farmers
Eun-Kyung Kim, Seo-Eun Yeon, Sun-Hee Lee, Jeong-Sook Choe
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(1): 71. CrossRef
The Measurements of the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and the Accuracy of RMR Predictive Equations for Korean Farmers
Hee-Ryoung Son, Seo-Eun Yeon, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 568. CrossRef
Assessment of Physical Activity Pattern, Activity Coefficient, Basal Metabolic Rate and Daily Energy Expenditure in Female University Students
Yoonji Park, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(1): 45. CrossRef
Assessment of Energy Intake and Physical Activity Level for Korean Farmers to Establish Estimated Energy Requirements during the Off-Season for Farmers
Sun-Hee Lee, Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung Sook Choi, Eun Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(5): 652. CrossRef

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[English]
Criterion Development of 4 Activity Levels for Estimated Energy Requirement Calculation for Primary School Students: Mi Jeong Kim, Hyeon Ju Na, Youngnam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(3):307-314. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.307

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study is finding the easy way of 4 categories activity level confirmation for estimated energy requirement calculation. Total of 386, 5th and 6th grade primary school students participated. The time spent on 7 kinds of activity were collected for 1 day by the internet program developed. Judged by the activity coefficient, sedentary were 6.7% and 5.1%, low active 33.2% and 40.4%, active 43.8%, and45.5%, and very active 16.3% and 9.0% for boy and girl, respectively. The highest and significant correlation coefficient between activity coefficient and time spent on activities shown were 0.339 in commute activity for boys, and 0.466 in leisure for girls. The sensitivity of the sedentary conformation by commute hour for boys was 0.79, and that of very active was 0.56. The sensitivity of the sedentary conformation by leisure hour for girls was 0.67, and that of very active was 0.63. The sensitivity of low active and active by 7 different types of activity was quite low, 0.04~0.37. The exact agreement of activity level conformed by easy way developed was 30.8% and 33.7%, for boys and girls, respectively. More accurate way to identify 4 categories activity level needs to be developed, especially sensitive to conformation of low active and active levels.

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A Study on the Adaptation of Senior Elementary School Students in Multicultural Families to Home and School Life
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A Study on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Nutrient Intake, Psychological Index according to the Obesity Degree of College Women
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[English]
The Analysis of Activity Energy, Total Energy, and Estimated Energy Expenditures in 5th and 6th Grade Primary School Students: Mi Jeong Kim, Hyeon Ju Na, Youngnam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):195-205. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.195

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to investigate the time spent, activity coefficient and energy expenditure on 7 different types of activity. Total of 386 5th and 6th grade primary school boys and girls in Seoul participated in this study. The participants spent 8 hrs for rest, 4 hrs for out of school study, 3 hrs for leisure, 1 hr 45 mins. for hygiene, 1 hr for commute, and 15 mins. for house choir activity in the day of 6 class hours. The average activity coefficient of 1 day for boys and girls were 1.69 and 1.64, respectively. The TEEs were 2,382 kcal and 2,050 kcal for boys and girls, respectively. The energy cost for study related activity (in school and study activities) was 40% of the TEE, and for rest 20%, for commute 9%, and for hygiene 10% of the TEE. The energy cost for house choir was only about 2% of TEE. The 91.2% participant's EER was higher than the EER shown in the table of 2010 DRI for Koreans. When the participant's EER was compared with the energy allowance calculated by the method in 2000 RDA for Korean, 81.6% was in the range of +/- 5%, and the correlation coefficients between the 2 values were 0.981 for boys and 0.978 for girls, which means high agreements.

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Energy expenditure measurement of various physical activity and correlation analysis of body weight and energy expenditure in elementary school children
Jae-Hee Kim, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(2): 180. CrossRef
Physical activity level, total daily energy expenditure, and estimated energy expenditure in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents
Myung Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(6): 511. CrossRef
Criterion Development of 4 Activity Levels for Estimated Energy Requirement Calculation for Primary School Students
Mi-Jeong Kim, Hyeon-Ju Na, Youngnam Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(3): 307. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on Development and Validation of Food Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Energy Intake of Women in Child-Bearing Age: Sun Kyung Ji, Hyung Sook Kim, Hay Mie Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):111-124. Published online February 29, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to develop a computerized food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing nutritional status of women of child-bearing age. Computerized food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that reflect intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein was developed for women of child-bearing age. This FFQ is composed of 61 foods or food groups containing 192 dish items. To estimate of energy intake easily, we have developed a computer program that can be viewed on a computer screen in an actual size of dish items. Nutrient intakes of the last three months by the FFQ was validated with comparing the result of a 3-day diet record through 92 college students aged from 20 to 30. The level of energy, carbohydrate and sodium of estimating by the FFQ method was significantly higher than the level of a 3-day diet records method (p < 0.01). Pearson's correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.50 for carbohydrate (p < 0.01), 0.55 for energy (p < 0.01) and 0.56 for protein (p < 0.01). Spearman's correlation coefficients were 0.53 for carbohydrate (p < 0.01), 0.55 for energy (p < 0.01) and 0.52 for protein (p < 0.01). The percent of subject in the lowest quartile in a 3-day diet record belonged to the first and second lowest quartile in food frequency questionnaire is 78.2% in energy, 91.3% in carbohydrate, 78.2% in protein, 69.5% in fat. Also, the percent of subject in the highest quartile in a 3-day diet record belong to the first and second highest quartile in food frequency questionnaire is 78.3% in energy, 73.9% in carbohydrate, 82.6% in protein, and 73.9% in fat. On the whole, the result of this study seemed to be in good agreement with other studies. Therefore, the FFQ developed by this study is considered to be a reliable tool to assess nutrients and food intakes for women of child-bearing age.

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The Effect of the Reduced Portion Size by Using a Diet Rice Bowl on Food Consumption and Satiety Rate: Un Jae Chang, Eun Young Jung, In Sun Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):639-645. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: Using the diet rice bowl, this study examined whether visual cues related to portion size can influence intake volume without altering satiation. 24 subjects ate lunch and subsequent dinner meal in the lab once a week for 2 weeks. Each week at noon , they were served one of two different sizes of a rice (150 g of rice by the diet rice bowl and 210 g of rice by the general rice bowl) but recognized the same volume of which they could eat as much as they wanted of side dishes. Subjects returned to the lab five hours later for a standard dinner, which was consumed ad libitum. Results showed that the subjects who were eating from the diet rice bowl ate less rice (222.4 Kcal vs 306.5 Kcal, p < 0.001) and total energy intake (412.5 Kcal vs 499.2 Kcal, p < 0.001) than those eating from a general rice bowl at lunch. However, despite consuming 21% less energy intake at lunch, the rates of satiety were not significantly different after eating from the diet rice bowl and from the general diet bowl. And there were no significant difference in rice intake and energy intake at dinner between the diet rice bowl and the general rice bowl. These results suggest decreasing the portion size by the diet rice bowl with biased visual cues leads to decreased rice intake and energy intake without altering the satiation. This is, the decreased amount of rice in a diet rice bowl may implicitly suggest what might be construed as an appropriate amount to consume and eventually it suggests smaller consumption norms.

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[English]
Amounts and Food Sources of Nutrients of Elementary School Lunch Menus by the Type of Foodservice and the Percent Energy from Fat: Hye Jeong Youn, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):90-105. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to assess macro- and micronutrient compositions in school lunch menus based on the 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches. Ninety-five dieticians in elementary school in Chungbuk were asked to complete a questionnaire on characteristics of the school lunch program (such as type of foodservice, food production system), the information about dietitians (such as age, education, and job history), and the extent of the use of processed foods and frozen foods. They were asked to return the questionnaire with the menus including the name and the quantity of every food ingredient offered during a week. A total of 554 lunch menus provided for a week of June 2004 were analyzed. Average nutrient content per meal was as follows; 660 kcal, energy; 92.9 g, carbohydrate; 26.7 g, protein; 21.1 g, fat; 287 microgramRE, vitamin A; 0.5 mg, thiamin; 0.5 mg, riboflavin; 29.3 mg, vitamin C; 338.2 mg, calcium; 3.9 mg, iron; and 97 mg, cholesterol. Average percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 56.2%, 16.2%, and 29.0%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per meal was higher in rural-type than in urban-type schools. The weekly menu of 40% of the schools provided < 55% of energy from carbohydrate, and 39% of the schools offered lunch that provided > or =30% of energy from fat. The micronutrient content was generally high when the percent energy from fat was less than 25%. Our results showed that only 52.6% of the schools provided lunches with the energy composition as in the 'Dietary Guideline' of School Lunches. Whole Milk was the major contributor to fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. We suggest that school foodservices start to provide low fat milk instead of whole milk to reduce fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. If low fat milk is served instead of whole milk, percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat can be reduced from 29% to 25%, and from 10.2% to 9.1%, respectively, and cholesterol could be reduced from 97 mg to 79 mg. Efforts to meet 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches should be made, especially to reduce fat intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake at sufficient levels for children.

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[English]
A Comparison of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure in Normal-Weight and Over-Weight Korean Adults: Jung A Park, Ki Jin Kim, Jin Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):285-291. Published online June 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure and energy intake of normal-weight and overweight Korean adults. We recruited 242 adults to determine resting energy expenditure, physical activity and energy intake. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Energy intake for consecutive two days was assessed by 24 hour recall method. Daily activity pattern for 24 hour was collected from each subject. Body weight, lean body mass and percentage body fat were measured by INBODY 3.0. The subjects were divided into normal (20 < or = BMI < 25) and overweight (BMI > or = 25) groups by BMI. There was no significant difference in intake of energy between two groups. Energy intake of each group was lower than the 7th Korean RDA of energy. Overweight subjects showed significantly lower REE/kg body weight. However, REE/kg lean body mass (LBM) did not differ between the two groups. Total activity energy was significantly higher in the overweight group compared to the normal group. Daily activity coefficient of overweight group in male was lower than that of normal group. Daily activity coefficient was almost same in two female groups. LBM was highly correlated with REE and total energy expenditure. We concluded that the overweight group consumed more energy than the normal group due to the heavier body weight.

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[English]
A Comparison of the Resting Energy Expenditure of Korean Adults Using Indirect Calorimetry: Jung A Park, Ki Jin Kim, Joung Hee Kim, Young Sook Park, Jaeok Koo, Jin Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):993-1000. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data for revising the recommended energy intake for Korean adults. We recruited 290 adults so as to determine their resting energy expenditure (REE) and energy intake. The REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. We also calculated the REE from prediction equations formulated by World Health Organization (WHO). The energy intake for two consecutive days was assessed using the 24 hour recall method. The body weight, lean body mass (LBM) and percentage body fat were measured using the INBODY 3.0 system. We compared the results of three age groups; 20 to 29 years, 30 to 49 years and 50 years or more. The average energy intake of each age group was below the 7th Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The average energy intake was lower in the older age groups. However, no difference was observed among the age groups when the energy intake as a percentage of the Korean RDA was compared. Our measurement of the REE was higher than the REE calculated by the WHO's method. Correlation coefficients between the measured and the calculated values of REE for all age groups showed significant correlations (r = 0.475-0.672). As the ages of all the subjects increased, the REE/kg of body weight decreased. There were no significant differences in the REE / kg of the LBM between the different age groups; however, the REE/kg of the LBM was higher in the female group than in the male group. Negative correlations of the REE with the age (r = -0.242) and body fat ratio (r = -0.313) were observed; positive correlations of the REE with the BMI (r = 0.265), height (r = 0.570), weight (r = 0.562) and LBM (r = 0.586) were also found (p < 0.01).

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[English]
The Estimation of the Daily Energy Expenditure of Korean Adolescents: Youngnam Kim, Hyeon Ju Na; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(3):270-279. Published online June 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: Middle and high school students in Korea spend a lot of time at school. In other words, many Korean teenagers spend most of their time studying, and have little time for other activities, such as physical workouts. Fewer physical activities, and consumption of many snacks, etc. may lead to overweight or obesity in some teenagers. This study was conducted to find out the activity levels of teenagers' in order to calculate their daily energy expenditures. A total of 1,192 students (461 middle school students and 731 high school students) who lives in either a city or a country area were recruited for this study. One-day Activity Diaries were collected using questionnaires and analyzed by means of SPSS/win. The participating students spent about 7 hours 24 minutes resting including sleeping; 6 hours 28 minutes studying, 4 hours 4 minutes in leisure activities, 1 hour 32 minutes in personal hygiene activities such as washing, dressing and undressing, etc., 50 minutes on transportation : and 23 minutes on household chores such as cleaning, doing the laundry, etc. The average activity factor was 1.49. That of middle school female students was the lowest at 1.47, followed by middle school male students at 1.48, high school female students at 1.49, and high school male students at 1.51. The daily energy expenditure of middle and high school male students was 2,289 kcal and 2,600 kcal, respectively. That of female students was 1,959 kcal and 2,067 kcal, respectively.

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[English]
Nutritional Status and Energy Expenditure in the Elderly in a Rural Community: Heejung Yoon, Jinhee Kwoun, Sungkook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):336-344. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: In this study, nutrient intake status and energy expenditure were examined to investigate the nutritional status of the elderly in a rural community. The results obtained by questionaries, the 24 hour recall method, and time-diary were as follows: The elderly men surveyed were 73.8 years old, on the average. The elderly women surveyed were 73.5 years old, on the average. The proportion of the elderly with diseases was 51.9%. Most of the subjects (86.1%) had a regular meal pattern of consuming three meals a day. The average daily energy intake of the rural elderly was much lower than the Korean RDA. The dietary assessment data showed that each energy intake of the males and the females was 79.5% and 84.3% of the RDA, respectively. The dietary intake of Ca, Fe, niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin was lower than the Korean RDA, and that of P and Vitamin C was adequate. The Fe intake was significantly different with respect to age and sex (p < 0.05). Although, in both elderly men and elderly women it decreased with age, the elderly men's intake was lower than the elderly women's. The heights of the elderly men and the elderly women was 159.7 cm and 147.5 cm, respectively, and the weights were 60.0 kg and 52.2 kg, respectively, and the BMI was in the moderate range. Heights significantly decreased with age (p < 0.05). According to daily living schedules, leisure time (11.0 hour) was the longest, physiological time (9.6 hours) was next, and work time (3.4 hours) was the shortest. Energy expenditure significantly decreased with age (p < 0.01). Energy intake also decreased with aging. Energy balance (energy expenditure/ energy intake) was 93.4% in elderly men and 104.0% in elderly women. Especially, in elderly men in the 65 to 74 age range, the energy balance was the lowest, and the nutrient intake was also much lower than that of elderly women.

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[English]
Energy Value of Breakfast and Its Relation to Total Daily Nutrient Intake and serum Lipid in Korean Urban Adults: Wha Jin Hyun, Joung Won Lee, Chung Sil Kwak, Kyung Hee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):368-379. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the energy value of breakfast and its relation to total daily nutrient intake and serum lipid. Dietary intakes were evaluated through the 3-day dietary recalls(interview for 1day and self-report for 2 days) from 333 Korean urban adults aged 20-49 year. Serum lipids in fasting blood samples were measured form 98 of those 333 adults. Low energy breakfast(<15% of daily energy intake) was consumed by 22.6% of males and 18.5% of females. 59.4 of males and 43.3% of females consumed a breakfast of average energy intake(15-25% daily energy intake) ; and 18.1 of males and 38.2% of females consumed a significant contribution to a total daily nutrient intake. The daily nutrient intake except crude fiber and vitamin A, B, B, and C in males and except vitamin C in females significantly increased as the energy value of breakfast increased. The differences in energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast were not made up for by other meals. To make matters worse, the satisfactory-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast groups in females. Among serum lipid parameters, TG was negatively correlated with energy provided at breakfast, and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol had a negative correlation with energy and carbohydrates provided at breakfast in males. For females TG was positively correlated with the ratio of carbohydrates to energy at breakfast but negatively correlated with the ratio of fat to energy at breakfast. These results suggest that satisfactory energy intakes at breakfast have positive effects on the adequacy of daily nutrient intake and may positively affect the serum lipid status.

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[English]
Energy and Macronutrient Intakes during Menstrual Cycle in Young Women: Seok Young Kim, Bok Kyeong cha, Phil Sook Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(2):210-217. Published online May 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during the premenstrual(days -10-1) and postmenstrual(days 5-14) phases. Thirty-two college female students recorded their food consumption and dietary patterns over 5 weeks from September 8 to October 12, 1997. Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes and the percentage of energy intake from protein and carbohydrate were relatively consstant over the two menstrual cycle phases, but the energy intake from fat increased 1%(P<0.05)during the postmenstrual phase. Two different dietary patterns were identified by the shifts in energy intake between postmenstrual and premenstrual phases. Seventy five percent of subjects revealed a consistent pattern with the results of previous studies investigating food intake over the menstrual cycle, in which the premenstrual phase is associated with an increment in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake. Incontrast, energy, protein, and fat intakes increased during the postmenstrual phase in 25% of the subjects. We conclude that cyclical fluctuations in energy and macronutrient intakes occur in both postmenstrual and premenstrual dietary pattern groups across the two menstrual phased with the opposite directions.

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[English]
The Effect of an Energy Restriction Program on the Weight Loss and the Change of Biochemical nutritional Status in Obese Women: Sook Mee Son, Hee Jun Kim, Yoon Na Lee, Hing Sup Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(5):695-700. Published online December 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an energy restriction program on the weight loss and changes of the biochemical nutritional status for 35 obese women. The energy restriction program took place over a 3-week period that was devided into two parts. The first part consisted of 750-800kcal diet and the second part of 800-1000kcal. Subjects were provided a low energy formula and a menu for the recommended diet. Anthropometric and biochemical measurement before and after the energy restriction program were estimated. Mean weight loss was 3.0 kg, accordingly the obestiy rate was lowered from 40.2 to 34.4, BMI from 29.2 to 28.9 and fat weight from 23.3 kg to 21.0 kg(<0.01.<0.05). Waist circumference loss was most prominent(4.4%) compared to triceps(21% loss)and hip circumference(2.2%loss). Mean RBC count, hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly lowered(<0.01) but they were in the normal range. Systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased from 124.1 mmHg to 113.1 mmHg . Mean SGOT and SGPT were lowered from 29.3u/L to 20.0u/L and from 28.7u/L to 16.6u/L, respectively. It seems that the 3 weeks of energy restriction program used in this study was effective in improving anthropometric measurements without producing deficiency of iron or other susceptible nutrients.

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