- [English]
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Comparison of 24-hour Recalls with a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Assessing Coffee Consumption: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study
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An Na Kim, Jiyoung Youn, Hyun Jeong Cho, Taiyue Jin, Sangah Shin, Jung Eun Lee
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Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):48-60. Published online February 29, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.48
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 Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee.
METHODS
We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR.
RESULTS
Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of “nondrinkers†on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of “nondrinkers†on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked “black coffee†on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked “black coffee†on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR.
CONCLUSIONS
We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Research Trends and Future Perspectives on Epigenetic Regulation of Food-derived Components for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Seon Kyeong Park, Jin-Taek Hwang
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Hyun Jeong Cho, Jin Young Yoo, Ga-Eun Yie, An Na Kim, Soseul Sung, Sungji Moon, Youjin Hong, Sangjun Lee, Inah Kim, Kwang-Pil Ko, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jung Eun Lee, Sue K. Park
Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025065. CrossRef - Association Between Instant Coffee Consumption and the Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results From a Community-Based Prospective Cohort
Moon-Kyung Shin, Kyoung-Nam Kim
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Food & Nutrition Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Coffee Consumption and the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Korean Population
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Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.2021; 121(11): 2221. CrossRef
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- [English]
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Changing patterns and related factors of kimchi consumption among Korean adults: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2024
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Hui-Yang Zhao, Hyunji Ham, Sumin Kim, Chang Hyeon Lee, Kyungho Ha, Sangah Shin
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Received March 16, 2026 Accepted June 2, 2026 Published online June 25, 2026
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2026.00108
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Abstract
- Objectives
This study was conducted to analyze long-term trends in kimchi consumption and patterns among Korean adults using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2024, and to identify sociodemographic, dietary, and health-related factors associated with recent kimchi consumption.
Methods
Data from the 5th (2010) through 9th (2024) KNHANES were utilized. Trend analysis included 103,267 participants, while factor analysis focused on 14,244 adults aged ≥ 30 years (2022–2024). Changes in consumption form (side dish versus ingredient) and locations were examined. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for meeting the recommended intake (40 g/day).
Results
Over the past 15 years, Kimchi consumption among Korean adults has significantly decreased regardless of gender (men: β = –1.53, women: β = –1.31, P for trend < 0.05). The proportion of individuals reporting no kimchi intake on the 24-hour recall day increased from 11.7% in 2010 to 22.7% in 2024. Among young adults (20–39 years), a qualitative shift occurred as consumption transitioned from side dishes to dish ingredients. At-home consumption decreased for all age groups under 60 years. Conversely, eating-out consumption increased for most groups, except for those aged 20–39 years, while school/workplace consumption increased only in the 0–9 years age group. Analysis of the factors associated with meeting the recommended intake revealed that men, older adults, rural residents, married individuals, alcohol consumers, and smokers were more likely to meet the recommendation. Conversely, frequent solo dining or skipping meals were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of meeting the recommendation.
Conclusion
This study confirms a structural shift in the Korean diet. Future strategies for preserving traditional food culture and establishing nutritional policies must be tailored to reflect modern dietary changes, such as an increase in single-person households and the spread of a solo-dining culture.
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